The Chinese Revolution, a Momentous and Significant Revolution

The Chinese Revolution, beginning in 1911 and ending in 1949 was a momentous and significant revolution within history. The Chinese Revolution was a result of impearialistic control of China by other countries, unfair treatment of peasants, and young people’s desire to modernize China. Similar to The Chinese Revolution, the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† was an allegory that also exhibited the strive for freedom and respect within a nation, or in this case the Manor Farm. In the novel, the animals fought hard inorder to rebel against the rule of their often drunk owner Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones was a mean unkind master who enjoyed a care free life while the animals lack food. Respectively, the Chinese also strived for freedom and rights in China while under the rule of the Qing Dynatsy, although the Qing Dynasty was very helpful with major improvements as building roads and post offices to make interchange of labor, information, and resources in china, making the first currency th at can be used through whole China, and, formulating language, written letters, numeric system, units for weights and measure in china. The Qing Dynatsty was still a very unfair and unjust political system ran by a long line curropt dictators all within the Qing family, and the people of China as did the animals in the novel decided enough was enough. So with the help of Mao Zedong, communist philantropist and future leader of china, offered communism as an alternative to the peasants in china promising food, jobs, and homes to everyone who followed the words of communism. And with the team work of china’s peasant population which was the majority of China and Mao Zendong they effortously overthrew the Qing Dynasty. As did the animals, but instead of the Chinese government simply the Manor Farm, but the proccess towards conducting these revolutions were almost identical. Knowing the novel animal Farm is based on the time period of the Russian Revolution, the animals within the novel can been seen as the peasants of The Chinese Revolution. The Pigs, or futher known as Snowball whose character is based on Lenin Trostsky, and Napolean whos character is based on Joseph Stalin can be viewed as Mao Zendong or the other contibutors to the Chinese Revolution as Chaing Kai Shek. With the help of both parties the animals using strength pyhsically and in numbers, wit, and intelligence wer able to formulate plans and strategies like Mao Zendong

Learning English as Second Language Essay

Learning a Second Language (L2) is a lifelong process and it is often a challenging experience for L2 learners. English has become the L2 after it was introduced to Malaysia during colonization. Presently, it is an international language and is used as the language in international relations, and in exchanging knowledge and technology. It was only since a few decades ago that it was taught to almost all schoolchildren. In general, local Malaysian students have been exposed to eleven years of learning English language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) in primary and secondary schools. Current era, good English writing competence is widely recognized as an important skill for educational, business and personal reasons. The ability to write effectively in English is becoming increasingly important in our global community as communication across language becomes ever more essential. On the other hand, writing is a complex process which demands cognitive analysis and lingu istic synthesis. It is even harder to learn to write in a second language, and it takes considerable time and effort to become a skillful writer. The present study seeks to explore ESL learners’ major writing difficulties by analyzing the nature and distribution of their writing errors. There are several ways of thinking about errors in writing. For example, in light of what we, as linguists, know about second language acquisition and what we know about how texts, context and the writing process interact with one another students‟ writing in L2 generally contains varying degrees of grammatical and rhetorical errors. These kinds of errors are especially common among L2 writers who do not have enough language skills to express what they want to say in a comprehensible way. The present study analyses the English L2 language errors in the writing of Malaysian learners. Statement of Problem English occupies the status of a L2 in the Malaysian education system in both primary and secondary schools. However, learning English as a L2 is not an easy task. According to Brown (2000), in order to master the English language, learners have to be adequately exposed to all of the four basic skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. Language teaching in this country is currently focusing on the teaching and learning of the four language skills. However, the standard of English, among Malaysian children is on the decline despite learning English for several years. Malaysian students are still weak in English, especially in their writing skills. They still seem to commit errors in all aspects of language. According to James (1988) errors in writing such as tenses, prepositions and weak vocabulary are the most common and frequent type of errors that are committed by learners. Since grammar is seen only as a means to an end, some learners tend to re-emphasize its importance and in the process, they make many more errors. The learners usually face difficulties in learning the grammatical aspects of the Target Language (TL), such as in subject-verb agreement, the use of preposition, articles and the use of correct tense. Such errors can be seen clearly in the learners’ written performance. The problems that the students are bound to encounter would be weak vocabulary, inappropriate use of grammar in sentences and etc. Thus, teachers who can analyze and treat errors effectively are better equipped to help their students become more aware of their errors. The use of Error Analysis (EA) and appropriate corrective techniques can aid effective learning and teaching of English. It is understood that learning a second language is a gradual process, during which mistakes are to be expected in all stages of learning. Mistakes will not disappear simply because they have been pointed out to the learner, contrary to what some language learners and teachers believe. In fact making mistakes is a natural process of learning and must be considered as part of cognition. As a result, errors must be viewed positively. Therefore, EA is the best tool for describing and explaining errors made by speakers of other languages. By investigating students’ written work, it will provide a means to help Malaysian teachers to recognize the importance of errors as one of the challenging areas in teaching English. Objective of Study This lends to the objective of the study, which is to investigate the types of errors made by Form Four student in their written work. The study sought to answer the following research question: * What are the most common errors that students make in their essays? Methodology Location The location of the study was a secondary school in a housing area in Shah Alam town which is located within the district of Petaling and a portion of the district of Klang in the state of Selangor which is about 25 kilometres west of the country’s capital, Kuala Lumpur. The name of the school is SMK TTDI Jaya, Shah Alam. The school runs in two teaching sessions, namely the morning and afternoon session. Table 1: Distribution of Form 4 Students and Ethnic Background Participant A Form four female students have participated in this study. She had her primary education in National schools, in which Malay was the medium of instruction. English was taught as an additional subject within the school curriculum. The respondent is from Form 4 Gigih comprising of 30 boys and 42 girls. The students’ language proficiency is lower intermediate. According to the participant’s English language the class that the participant currently studying focuses more on Malay language learning and the students tend to neglect the importance of English language Background of the Student The name of the student is Nurul Nadeah binti Zulkifli. She is 16 years old. She is staying at Seksyen 15, Shah Alam. Her father works as an engineer and her mother is a house maker. She is the eldest daughter with a younger brother. Her first language is Malay language. She has learnt English for 10 years. She has scored a â€Å"C† grand for her UPSR public examination and a â€Å"D† grade for her PMR public examination. On the other hand, she is more proficient in her first language (Malay language) compared to English language. She has scored an â€Å"A† for her both public exams (UPSR & PMR) which marks her enthusiasm in learning her first language. According to Nurul, she prefers to speak and write in her mother tongue since she is comfortable with it. Thus, she views English language subject as an entry requirement for her to enter university. Despite, she added that she has not been encouraged to use English language either her parents or among friends sin ce childhood. Procedure The participant was administered a writing assignment that involved essay writing. She was required to write a cause and effect essay entitled† The Causes and Effects of River Pollution† within a period of 60 minutes and a minimum of 200-350 words. This essay follows the English format of SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) Examination in which every student will have to take when they are in Form Five. It is a guided writing whereby the student was given a brief outline on the essay that includes the main causes and effects which the student need to explain in detail. The essay was typed using Microsoft Word 2003 so that it was computer readable. After that, the three steps of EA specified by Corder (1974) were followed: * Collection of sample errors * Identification of errors * Description of errors Instruments The instruments that we used to analyze the errors in the essays are as follows: * The students’ essay * Grammar book references * Consulting to an experienced school teacher : * Well experienced in English language teaching for 23 years and also SPM English paper marker for two years consecutively. * Interviewing a lecturer from MSU Centre For Foundation Studies (CFS) department * Group discussion. * Internet sources A total of 62 common errors were examined and categorized into 12 error types. Errors related with lexical knowledge (spelling, parts of speech, capitalization) accounted for 32.3%. Errors related with sentence structure (complex/compound, missing word, word order and redundancy) accounted for 30.6%. Other grammatical errors (verb tense, passive voice, modals and phrasal modals,article, subject-verb agreement) accounted for 37.1%.Based on the table, it reflects that the students have committed most number of errors in the parts of speech which includes noun, verb, participle, interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb, and conjunction. The second most number of errors is registered under redundancy which means the occurrence of unwanted repetition in the written essay. Table 3: Most Common Errors and Examples of Errors Definition andError classification| Identification of errors| Correct sentences and explanation of rule| 1. Basic Phrase Structure * A sentence is formed through the combination of Noun Phrase(NP) and Verb Phrase(VP)| Sentence10:1 The industry is releasing chemical waste products from industrial waste. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide , zinc, copper and mercury.Sentence 11:2. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide, zinc, copper and mercury. The chemical products that released is dangerous| 1. The industry releases chemical wastes such as cyanide , zinc , copper, and mercuryExplanationSubject: The industry Verb : releasesPredicate: chemical waste products such as cyanide, zinc , lead , copper, and mercury. * The industry is releasing chemical waste products â€Å"from industrial waste. â€Å" This sentence is incomplete.2. These chemical waste is dangerousExplanationLiquid or substances basically known as uncountable noun which refers to general abstraction but countable noun refer to specific things. These : refer something specific (SUBJECT ) is : verbDangerous : abstract verb| 2. Passive Sentences * The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb| Sentence 1:1. Water is the important elements that needed by the human to live. Sentence 28:2. The flow of the clear water from the river will be disturbed. This is because, the water quality is more spoiled and flow to the river will be polluted and affecting the living things.| Water is the important element that human need for livingExplanation The word â€Å"need† in this sentence should be the subject.2. This is because, the quality of water is spoiledExplanation The phrase â€Å"water quality† is unclear and incomplete.| 3. Complex/Compound * A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. * A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so and a comma or by a semicolon alone.| Senten ce 4:1. If, there is no water, living things cannot survive.Sentence 5:2. In, today’s world, river pollution is occurring so seriously.| 1. If there is no water, living things cannot surviveExplanation Difficulty in identifying dependent clause- complex sentence2. Today’s world, river pollution occurs very seriously.ExplanationWrong compound phrase.| 4. Subject/Verb Agreement * If a subject is singular, it’s verb must also be singular * If a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.5. Modals and Phrasal Modals * Modals are special words in English and are used for specific purposes. They are NOT verbs. * The form is: Subject + Modal + Verb| Sentence 13:1. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. Sentence 16:1. The agriculture activities ^ is one of the economic activitiesSentence 21:2. The flow of water will be disturbed and the quality of water will be decreased. | 1. The second cause for river pollution is from the agricultural activities. * The agricultural activities harms the quality of the water. * The agricultural activities harm the quality of the water.Explanation * The sentence structure is wrong in terms of singular and plural. * The word ‘activities’ shows plural form, so the verb harm should also be plural as well. * But from the aspect of present tense, its wrong because here, plural subjects, no need to add‘s’ for the verbs.1. The agricultural activities ought to be one of the economic activities. Explanation^ shows that a phrasal modal can be added to make the sentence structure stable.2. The flow of the water will be disturbed and the quality of water would decreaseExplanation Redundancy of the modal is exchanged with another suitable modal. | 6. Parts of Speech * Noun * Verb * Participle * Interjection * Pronoun * Preposition * Adverb * Conjunction | PrepositionSentence 31:1. The last effect that is stated is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mixed to the river and it will create a dangerous, havoc to the living thingsConjunctionSentence 36:1. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution. | 1. The last effect is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mix into the river and it will create havoc to the living things.Explanation†Into† is a preposition that answers the question â €Å"Where?†1. So, it is important to take care of the river. However, we can’t completely stop the river pollution but we can control it.Explanation The conjunction but should be used in this sentence since it is used to signify a negation, to create contrast. Discussion Sentence types Altogether there are 36 complete sentences. Out of 36 complete sentences, 10 sentences were simple sentences, 14 were complex sentences and12 were compound sentences. More than half complex sentences were unnecessary repetition of points. It was also found that most of the sentences were constructed using the definite article ‘the’ and the repetition of the word ‘another’ on starting of the paragraph 4 and 6. The unnecessary repetition of the points in the students’ written essay reflects that the student have a very limited knowledge in the given topic and has not exposed her to different sequence connectors. Major Error Analysis 1. Basic Phrase Structure Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language’s syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of the form , meaning that the constituent A is separated into the two sub constituents B and C. * The first rule reads: An S consists of an NP followed by a VP. This means A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. * The next one: A noun phrase consists of a determiner followed by a noun * Further explanations of the constituents: S, Det, NP, VP, AP, PP` In this study, the student has encounter difficulties in writing a senten ce with a correct phrase structure. This happens because she was not corrected by anyone whenever she makes the error. For example, the excerpt below was taken from the student’s written essay. â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The above excerpt registers that the student has difficulty in constructing a basic phrase structure. According to me, the above excerpt is totally vague since it does not follow the basic rules of phrase structure. Mdm Patmabathy, the school teacher that we consulted in our error analysis says that this excerpt is meaningless and she added that this student is very poor in terms of sentence construction. Despite, she also said that it is also a very serious error when she gets to know that it is a written work of a Form 4 student. If I was given a chance to correct the above excerpt, it may sound like: On the other hand, mineral extraction also contributes to river pollution. This is because, the release of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides and herbicides may obstruct the water flow which results in the decrease of the water flow and the water quality may spoil due to the organic materials released through the mineral extraction.| 2. Passive Sentences In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Examples: In the student’s written essay, there are some prominent wrongly phrased passive sentences. For example, referring to the same excerpt, â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The use of the word ‘mined’ which is not a passive verb which causes the sentence to be meaningless. From this we should know, in order to use passive sentences one should have a basic knowledge on transitive verbs which the meaning can be used in passive sentences. 3. Complex/Compound A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by * a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so): The dog barked, and the cat yowled. * a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled. * a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series: The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed. A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause. An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause: * The dog that was in the street howled loudly. * A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger. An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note the various positions of the dependent clause): * End: The dog howled although he was well fed. * Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldn’t eat his hamburger. * Middle: The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly. In the student’s written essay, there are more complex sentences constructed compared to compound sentences. Thus, it was merely repetition of words that occurs in the most complex sentences. For example, try to look at the below excerpt from the student’s written essay. There are some effects that caused by those previous activities. The effect of the industrial waste is one of them are the living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die. From the industrial waste also affecting the drinking water for human. This is because of the quality of water is spoiled and more non-nature. There italicized phrase is an example of complex sentence whereby the dependent clause â€Å"living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die is an expansion of the independent clause ‘the effect of the industrial waste’. Here, the use of complex sentence was not fully utilized since the student has problems in constructing basic phrase structure itself. The student ended up the whole sentence with full of repetition. She should have use a wider vocabulary to explain the point. 4. Subject/Verb Agreement A basic principle of English is that a verb must agree in number with its subject. Although this basic principle is very simple, it is often violated because writers have trouble either identifying the subject or the determining its number. Singular rule * A singular subject requires a singular verb. Consider the following examples. * He is happy. * The boy is happy. * David is happy. Plural Rule * A plural subject requires a plural verb. Consider the following examples. * They are happy. * The boys are happy. * David and Tom are happy The student has committed much error in this section. She tends to use plural verb for singular subject and singular verb for plural subject. For example, the below excerpt from the student’s essay reflects the wrong subject/verb agreement. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. This activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water. The first sentence reflects the use plural verb for singular subject (river pollution is only one). Then, the fourth sentence registers the use of singular verb for plural subject (activities refers to many). So, the correct sentence should be: The second cause for river pollution is from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities harms the quality of the water. These activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities are not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water since it pollutes the clear water.| 5. Parts of Speech (Conjunction) * Conjunctions are words which link two clauses in one sentence * Here are some example conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions| Subordinating Conjunctions| and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so| although, because, since, unless| * Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example: * Jack and Jill went up the hill. * The water was warm, but I didn’t go swimming. * Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: * I went swimming although it was cold. Referring to the student’s written work, the students has used very limited conjunctions such as ‘and’, ‘so’, and ‘for’. There was also wrong usage of conjunction which is as follows: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution| For the first sentence, the use of the conjunction ‘but’ is wrong since the sentence is not showing any comparison. The second sentence also applies a wrong conjunction since the word ‘be’ refers to a verb that indicates future actions. So, the correct sentence should be: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution but we can control the pollution| Treatment for the Errors 1. Awareness of L1 interference Switching interactively between first and second language has been recognized as one of the salient characteristics of L2 writing. Woodball (2002) suggested that language switching may be driven by the mental operations of private speech for solving L2 problems with L1 resources and the results of his study suggested that less proficient L2 learners switched to their L1s more frequently than more advanced learners. According to Wang‘s finding (2003), the low proficient participants often concentrated on direct translation from their L1 into the L2 to perform their L2 writing to compensate for their L2 linguistic deficiencies. Composing their writing tasks in this way might have helped them overcome writing difficulties without exerting much mental effort. Cases of direct translation were also observed in this study, for example, ‘My nickname is schoolmate takes. English name is I elects. Give to fortune teacher to calculate.’ In addition, students have the tendency to exclude the subject or object and fail to use certain constructions due to L1 interference. Therefore, teachers can help students become aware of interlingual errors by highlighting the structural and lexical differences between Chinese and English in areas when their use is first introduced or reinforced. If interlanguage is likely to occur, then consciousness-raising can help students self-edit their errors when interference occurs 2. Writing Motivation Generally speaking, writing motivation is encouraged through stimulating reading, relation with daily life experience, and support of relevant vocabulary. Pre-writing activities are crucial for unskilled writers. After selecting an appropriate writing task, some relevant reading passages should be introduced. However, the reading materials should only serve as sources for stimulating ideas and learning of relevant vocabulary rather than models to copy. Students have to write on a new but closely related topic. They still have to generate and refine their own ideas as well as construct their own sentences. Even students of low proficiency level should be given the opportunity to experience writing as a creative act of discovery. The process approach is also applicable to low proficient students provided that thoughtful stimulus and guidance are available. 3. Instruction of Basic Grammar Good writing is certainly beyond grammar manipulation. Yet it will be very difficult to compose a clear, logical and fluent paragraph if a writer is unable to write reasonably acceptable simple sentences and does not possess the mastery of some complex sentence structures. Results of the present study indicate an urgent need in upgrading students’ basic linguistic competence. Explicit teaching on salient grammar points like types of sentences, syntax, verb forms of some commonly used tenses is highly recommended in the first semester. In the meantime, it is also important to convey the idea that error-free sentence production is not the prime target for writing practice but as the means with which to better express one’s meaning. Reflection based on the Study Most ESL students want to learn English to be able to speak the language, not write it. However, learning writing skills is an important aspect of learning English as students could be called upon to write in English for professional or formal reasons. Those who wish to live in an English speaking country will most definitely need to be able to write in English in order to fill out forms and other administrative papers concerning their everyday lives. Why we should emphasize more on writing skill in the ESL class? When speaking, there are a number of factors that help make the task easier for a foreign language speaker: speaking usually takes place in a certain context and other pre-existing knowledge is often assumed so that not all information has to be clear and precise; immediate feedback is possible and speakers can adjust as the conversation unfolds. Conversation is often informal in everyday life and easier for an ESL student to become involved in and practice. Writing, however, is a much more formal process. ESL students will most likely have to use their writing skills for formal and professional reasons, like business English. This can be very stressful and downright handicapping if they have never learnt to write in English. Thus, errors serve as an important means for us as a future teacher to observe leaner’s learning process and learning strategies. Based on the study that we have conducted, we have found that teaching writing is one of the hardest skill compare to the rest. It needs more on teachers’ effort whereby the teacher should expose the students from the basic grammar to the perfect sentence constructions. Conclusion The results of the study show that errors that the participant committed were basically grammatical. The participant also had a relatively weak vocabulary and their sentences were sometimes incomprehensible. She committed errors in applying sentence structure rules in the English language. Hence, we can conclude that this participant has problems in acquiring normal grammatical rules in English. This study has shed light on the manner in which students internalize the rules of the TL. It further shows that error analysis also can help the teachers to identify in a systematic manner the specific and common language problems students have, so that they can focus more attention on these types of errors. Such an insight into language learning problems is useful to teachers because it provides information on common trouble-spots in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials. Also, by being able to predict errors to a certain extent, teachers can be well-equipped to help students minimize or overcome their learning problems. Bibliography 1) Ancker, W. (2000). Errors and corrective feedback: Updated theory and classroom practice. English Teaching Forum. 38(4), 20-24. 2) European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 8, Number 3 (2009) 3) http://www.marquette.edu/wac/WhatMakesWritingSoImportant.shtml

Over Reliance on Technology Essay

It’s 2010 and the human species as we know is in a monumental technological crossroads. Globally, we have defined the age of technological and industrial growth. As a whole our society has always been improving on all of the technological inventions to provide the general public with seamless automated and convenient applications to our personal and work life. In the age of pin size microchips and artificial intelligence the sky is the limit to our advancement of faster and more integrated technology. We as a society have embraced all of the new technological advancements and have integrated it throughout all aspects of human life. This over reliance on technology has taken away an aspect of human interaction that is vital to the way we have conducted ourselves in the past. It brings up many questions about the role technology is playing in our everyday lives. We seem to be on the constant search for ways that reduce the time worked. I-phones, Blackberry and other communication devices are always getting faster and more integrated. Specifically, the I-phone has applications that can be downloaded pertaining to just about anything. There is an application that can be downloaded that connects your I-phone to your house’s burglar alarm as well an application that can cipher passwords for alarm systems as well. Yes, I agree that this is the direction we have been catapulted in and it seems like there is not a safety net for us. Reliance on technology simply means that our personal world cannot function without the use of technological devices. According to a study done by National Public Radio, 68% of Americans say that they use a computer on the job. Of those 68%, 84% say that the use of a computer is crucial to their job being completed. (Mcphilson) A great example showing how technological advancements have taken away the human interactive experience involves the insurance industry. According to an article by Ara C Trembly, he explains how new customer service technology implemented by the major insurance companies across the United States has failed to live up to the satisfaction of the majority of these companies clients. He states â€Å"For example, at the beginning of this decade. Customer relationship management (CRM) technology was all the rage in insurance circles with carriers falling over each other trying to get (CRM) systems  implemented within there companies. As many now know, (CRM) was-on balance- a colossal flop in the insurance industry. It was a fully automated system that led clients through a corn maze of automated directions for the client. This idea was not accepted by the customers as a whole. It caused great confusion and landed most of the companies in hot water with there clients.† (Trembly) The main reason for the (CRM) failure was the lack of guidance for the clients and not being able to connect to a live representative in a timely manner to discuss there financial inquiries. The program was doomed from the beginning. What the insurance industry failed to realize was that the same visceral human interactive experience that secured the clients in the first place was being replaced with a robotic voice that cannot be spoken to. The public in general rejected this technological advancement due to a lack of human interaction. Further defending the viewpoint that over reliance on technology can be detrimental, an article by Shankar Vedantam explains what he describes as the â€Å"automation paradox†. He shows how disaster may erupt from over reliance on technology meant to minimize human error. Although, mainly addressing automated systems such as cruise control, he cites a cruise ship accident in which crewmembers were so trusting of their GPS that when the device accidently disconnected, the crew did not notice and simply followed the emergency plan route. He says â€Å"The problem is when individuals start to over trust or become complacent and put too much emphasis on the automation.† (Marcellus) It shows how we have become so reliant on technology especially, GPS, that we are not trained to detect if the information being relayed to the transmitter is correct or not. Back in the old maritime days before GPS and radar were available the captains and crew of all of the big ocean liners were well versed in charting maps, currents and reading compasses. The innovation of radar and sonar helped the skippers chart there courses more precisely. The invention of GPS basically allowed for complete course charts with limited crew interface. The GPS program would chart, estimate  fuel consumption and engage in autopilot so the duties of the maritime crews changed. The training is now eased with the use of computers and GPS. The real math calculations and degree settings that the crew would work as a team to produce is now being produced in seconds, not always correct I may add by a microchip and satellite. Humans are regressing in education and knowledge due to the over reliance on computers and technology. We seem to be embracing all of these technological advances without fully understanding the long term ramifications of this decision. We are constantly seeking out short term gains and improvements without really taking into consideration the whole big picture for future generations. As the absolute most vital connector we own, our computer as a tool is an amazingly useful aid. It has helped architects and engineers design and provide more reliable, interesting structures and buildings. It has allowed us to split atoms and categorize the human genome. Completely take the guesswork out of business intelligence and product demand curves. It even allows us to exchange money in the form of bits and bytes instead of actual paper money changing hands. As a foundation for an important economic pillar in our country we may heading for trouble. It is well known in the IT community that any computer can be hacked into. A question arises with amount of trust that you should put into this technology knowing that at any moment your computer could compromised by hackers and wrongdoers. We as a society have reached our capacity on our electrical grids. Being so reliant on electricity to run all of our new technological devices it sounds like a rather simple idea on how to bring down a modern day society. Cut the electric off. Talk about being thrown back into the early 1800’s real quick. As our thirst for electricity increases and our infrastructure fails to keep pace with demand we will be ultimately be forced to live like the pre-electric 1800’s era people. We as species have become very sedentary and non motile with all of our technological devices that make our lives easier but less interactive. The price we pay as a society will be enormous. Instead of trying to make our lives easier we should be developing ways to make the species as a whole more adaptative to new technology without losing the human interaction. (Technology Reliance) Maybe when it is all said and done we should have taken some meaningful advise from our Amish brother and sisters. According to an article by James Surowiecki of Technology Review â€Å"Amish people are less likely to have depression and are consistently happier than the rest of society. This is partly due to the strong community ties ,stable families and unchanging faith. Not believing in modern technology such as the Amish people believe made for reliance on there fellow man instead of a Blackberry. Towns would get together and build houses for the residents and providing what was needed to maintain a fruitful happy life. (Surowiecki) The Amish people make for a strong argument that technology does not have to be over relied upon. In conclusion, technology as we know and understand it is always compounding on itself. We as a society need to embrace the advancements of our great inventors but never forget the process it took to get that point. Technology without education is pointless. We can overcome this dilemma by not letting education standards go by the wayside while our technology races to infinity. Works Cited Page Marcellus, Jill. â€Å"Misled by GPS, Careless Drivers Reveal Dangers of Over-Reliance on Technology.† 30 July 2009. finding Dulcinea. . Mcphilson, Susan. National Public Radio. 28 July 2010. . Surowiecki, James. Technological Reveiw (2010). Technology Reliance. 6 July 2010. Trembly, Ara C. â€Å"Over Reliance on Technology is an Ever-Present Danger.† 18 August 2009: 2.

Response 29 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response 29 - Essay Example This was a fascinating yet a weird thought since, â€Å"how would that relate to the child’s emotional and intellectual development?† (Cranny-Francis 163). I have a penchant for kids, and still also cultivating my pathway to be a school psychologist, which makes me cringe at the thought of such an idea since it sparks disillusioned outcomes of the development of technology. This is because babies require the motherly tender touch for them to develop a streak for social interrelations as well as other essential behavioral traits. The upsurge of such a technological set-up would be tantamount to prioritizing technology than the relations with our close people such as family, friends and acquaintances. Nonetheless, the article, â€Å"Enhancement Technologies and the Body,† by Hogle cites some affirmative prospects about the technological enhancement of body parts. The article asks, â€Å"What might enhancement mean in a poor society where an artificial limb specially designed for working in rice fields or a bicycle designed to provide mobility means the difference in a person’s ability to make a living?† (Hogle 701). The example of technological development given is an archetype of the obscurity about the outcomes of the steady progress of

Wal-Mart analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wal-Mart analysis - Research Paper Example The paper describes the Wal-Mart company in general. This company is also the largest grocery retailer in United States and deals with diverse ranges of product lines. Wal-Mart mainly operates in 17 different countries. It is identified that both US and UK follow a free market approach that does not impose any regulation on business expansion. According to this concept, the government has only a distant role in market regulation. In contrast, China has adopted a more restrictive approach so as to preserve the interests of its traditional traders. Although, China possesses world’s largest potential market, the strict market regulations adversely affect Wal-Mart’s business interests. As compared to Chinese market, Indian market covers the features of both capitalism and a socialistic market economy. This mixed market system provides equal power to industrialists and government over the market. Like in the case of US and UK, Japan maintains a free market system so as to en courage national as well as international traders. Japan’s industrialized economy is the third largest in the world. According to Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, and Salwan, different nations follow different market systems and regulations. This varied market structures raise many challenges to Wal-Mart Stores because the organization is forced to restructure its marketing policies in accordance with the trade laws of the nations in which it operates. The sources of political risk for the countries in which the Wal-Mart has its presence vary. For instance, the organization operates in Pakistan where political conflicts and terrorism are at its peak. Such a political atmosphere is not beneficial for a multinational company like Wal-Mart because the political instability would seriously impinge on the firm’s marketing operations. Similarly, China is a communist country that strongly opposes capitalistic ideologies. Under this situation, the Wal-Mart cannot function effecti vely in China since the communist perceptions of Chinese government does not fit with the capitalistic interests of the organization. In this way, the Wal-Mart may face different political threats from its various foreign markets. Therefore, it is recommendable for the company to select foreign market segments carefully while dealing with international expansion. The above said political constraints prevent the organization from developing its product lines and business strategies in the target country. 4. Many groups of individuals possess shares in Wal-Mart and these stakeholders can be mainly categorized under two heads such as market and non-market stakeholders. A market stakeholder has an economic stake in what the company does; whereas a non-market stakeholder possesses a political stake. It is obvious that market stakeholders always aim at their economic benefits. Since both these groups contribute to the operational requirements of the company, Wal-Mart’s stakeholders must get benefits that are adequate to cover the risk elements they have taken. In the view of Brigham and Ehrhardt (2011, p.572), since investment opportunities and earnings of an international company vary from year to year, it will have to make great efforts to maintain stable dividend distribution. Hence, the shareholder satisfaction is a

Explain the reasons for and the effects of Bahamian emigration to Term Paper

Explain the reasons for and the effects of Bahamian emigration to Florida between (1870's-1920's) - Term Paper Example Why United States? The country was agricultural country, the country has strong economic foundation, and the quality of life of its citizen was comparatively better than other any country. The United States was considered to be land of opportunity, and was therefore a safe haven for the migrants from South America. The economy of the country was on road to success and expansion, and the country required large number of labour forces. The migrants were South America were therefore able to find adequate opportunities, and were able to secure economic fortunes and quality life. The status of the newly emancipated blacks in the nineteenth century provoked a wave of migration of whites to the United States. Key West played an important part in the Bahamas – Florida connection. Many whites who were living in the northern islands such as the Abacos were making a livelihood from activities such as sponging, fishing and wrecking. After emancipation these activities also became a part of the livelihood of the newly emancipated slave. The whites then found themselves in stiff competition with the blacks. This and other reasons drove them to occupy Key West which was in close proximity to the Bahamas. There racial prejudices also helped to push them at a faster rate and in greater numbers. â€Å"The Abaconians had migrated because they were ‘disgusted at the civil and religious equality of the negroes’ and were conversely attracted by the fact that Florida was a slaveholding state resolutely adhering to ‘Southern values’, where the y could ‘gratify their contemptuous dislike without stint and without reprisals’ (Craton & Saunders 218). The trend changed, however, in 1865 after the abolition of slavery in the United States. Encouraged by the possibility of job opportunities and better living conditions many black Bahamians also moved to Key West. Another wave of black Bahamian migrants

The Coconut Grove Fire Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Coconut Grove Fire - Term Paper Example Within several moments the palm tree burst into flames and caused panic among the patrons. What ensued in the following moments was total pandemonium as the patrons tried to exit all at once through the only public exit from the Melody lounge. Most of the furniture caught fire as toxic gas engulfed the room. It was combination of the fire followed by sheer panic and inhalation of poisonous gas that resulted in the death of 492 people, making it one of the worst fire incidents in the history of America. (Fire Story: The Cocoanut Grove Fire, 1942) When and how this fire happened and what fire codes were violated can be known after an evaluation of the incident. This paper attempts to answer these questions by evaluating the available information. On the day of the incident a football match took place between the teams of Boston College (BC) and the Holy Cross College (HC) at Fenway Park. Contrary to everyone’s expectation HC won which resulted in cancellation of victory party by BC that was to take place in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub. Had the party been taken place, then the death toll would have been higher than the actual number (Grant, 2007). A crowd of over 1000 people which was more than the number of people allowed were having dinner in the â€Å"first-floor Broadway Lounge and basement-level Melody Lounge†. Most of them were there to celebrate the victory of HC (Beller, 2000, p.85). A busboy was told to fix a light bulb on the top of an artificial palm tree which was situated in the corner of the Melody Lounge. The bulb was unscrewed by a patron to enjoy some private moments with his date. Since the area around the corner was dark the busboy lit a match to locate the socket and immediately afterwards several patrons saw a flame in the palm tree. The view of the corner can be seen in Figure 1. The color of the decorations began to change but there was no visible flame. After a

Compare between the three models of international human rights Essay

Compare between the three models of international human rights (statist, cosmopolitan, and internationalist) based on the streng - Essay Example The major issues that these theories seek to address include civil wars, conflict prevention as well as resolution. Humanitarian interventions which have not been fully explored as far as human rights models are concerned .However; it is an area that greatly provides strong themes as far as human rights models are concerned. Statism is one of the models that are very important as far as human rights are concerned in the international regime. Under this model, it is the responsility of the nation to ensure that human rights are adhered to. This model is similar to that of internationalist and cosmopolitanism2. They both hold to the treaties of universal declaration of human rights universalism. The treaty states that all nations should ensure that the needs of their citizens are met. This model has one weakness; it is the state that takes precedence before any human right can be recognized. Never the less, statism is seen as the most appropriate as far as issues regarding politics are concerned.Statism has also resulted into stronger states harassing weaker ones.Therefore,as much as statist is an international regime that looks at the rights of citizens, internationalism and cosmopolitanism looks at the welfare of citizens of a nation with more than statism Statism is very conservative. As a result, it leads to impassivity in debates regarding humanitarian interventions. ... The only challenge is that it does not fully support interventions as is seen in cosmopolitanism and internationalism. Internationalism model on the other hand corresponds to international theory. Internationalism and statist acknowledge that states are central as well as sovereign. Internationalism further focuses on how relations between states are regulated by international communal practices.3 This aspect is not well manifested in statism.Statists are greatly oppose states that that encourage good relations between member states. As a result, they don’t have feeling for war victims or nations that have witnessed serious crimes against humanity. According to internationalists, if the recipient state authorizes an intervention, they highly encourage it.Statism on the other hand does not fully welcome interventions .However, both statism and internationalism were used during the First World War and are still applicable today. In exceptional cases, statism allows interventions especially a government collapses. All the three models of human rights face major challenges. For example, they have to be approved by a national government of any country before they can be applied to any nation.Thus; the main priority in both cases is the rights the states have as far as any law is concerned4. Thereafter, the issues of human rights as far as international laws are concerned then follow later. This comparable conclusions means that there is no major difference in relation to some issues of international contexts. Cosmopolitanism is also a human right model that issued worldwide. Under this model, the international system looks keenly to the factors that affect individual members

Any proposed area of commercial law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Any proposed area of commercial law - Coursework Example A perspective shared among the technology providers and the companies collecting and mining data is that ethical, privacy-respecting practices simply make good business sense. Are there guidelines in developing privacy policies to help organizations in establishing ethical responsibilities of the organization and the data professionals? How does an organization develop a data privacy policy that provides the environment for trust on the part of the consumers? A major focus needs to be the incorporation of fair information practice principles of notice, choice, access, and security. Management and information technology professionals need to develop an understanding of how to manage data ethically and communicate the policy effectively to the consumers (Samuelson, 1999). More information and experience is needed by students and professionals in management and information technology in the development of a data privacy policy. This research project serves to provide the needed informat ion and experience for both students and professionals. Current technology makes the threats to privacy less tangible and less visible. It is difficult to know when and for what purposes individuals are being watched or information is being gathered and used for purposes that are not endorsed by the individuals. While many organizations have the capacity to collect data from consumers, businesses have a profit motive that adds a greater threat to the privacy dilemma. It is not only the continual compilation of data about individuals that poses privacy trepidation, but the ways in which data can be transformed and sold to other organizations. This consumer profiling can be misleading and damaging. If e-commerce is to succeed, businesses must work to develop a trustworthy, secure online environment. Developing a privacy policy is the first step in creating that trust. Incorporating a privacy

The total cost of ownership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The total cost of ownership - Coursework Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that anti-dumping costs, for example, are associated costs that the government wants the consumer to meet based on the suitability and the usability of a product. The government argues that importing an electronic into the country increases the cost of cleaning up the environment since after using the product a consumer is likely to dump the same in the country. Coupled with the countervailing duties, the cost of importing a product into the country thus increases significantly. The total cost of ownership depends on various factors and includes numerous elements of a transaction. These include the cost associated with the pre transaction the transaction and post transaction. The three are vital and have numerous undertakings all of which have financial implications thus contributing to the total cost of ownership. Such costs as the cost of qualifying sources, the price of the product, transportation costs and follow up a nd correction costs are some of the basic costs whose values contribute to the cost of ownership. Additional factors that increase the total cost of ownership especially for global supply chains are duties levied by the government. Import duties are levies that a government attaches to every product that enters the country. Such are important taxes that coincidentally increase the cost of doing business thus raising the total cost of ownership.

Duties and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Duties and Responsibilities Essay The main purpose of a master scheduler should be to arrange the staff, students and resources of the school in order to come up with a schedule that optimizes learning in the institution. She/He is tasked to assure that the operation of the institution runs smoothly and efficiently. This paper discusses the duties and responsibilities of a master scheduler, as well as activities that he/she should be implementing. The main duty of a Master Scheduler is to initiate and spearhead the planning, development and maintenance of the Master Schedule. The Master Schedule is expected to support the objectives and the existing curricula of the school. A few signs of a good Master Schedule are as follows: 1) ample time is allotted for the teachers and the students to attain their objectives and expectations, and 2) teachers are able to focus on their area of expertise for more efficiency. This Master Schedule should be finalized and approved before fall of 2009. Since this is the main activity of a Master Scheduler, all 150 hours should be spent on this activity. In the development of a schedule, the Master Scheduler should first do an inspection of the resources of the school. Some of the factors that should be considered when doing the Master Schedule are the approved curriculum, population of the enrollees, availability of teachers, expertise of teachers, number of available classrooms, size of the school cafeteria and number of cafeteria employees and transportation schedules to and from school. These factors will dictate what the schedule should be in order to optimize learning in school given the limited resources. Recording and note-taking should be done. This should be implemented during the first 24 hours on the job or an equivalent of 3 days. Upon receipt of the records of the available teachers, the necessary coordination with the teachers and administrators should be done to come up with an initial Master Schedule. The Master Scheduler can opt to discuss the schedule one-by-one with each teacher, if not too pressured with time. This should take about 40 hours on the job. After an initial Master Schedule has been drafted, this should be discussed with all the teachers and administration staffs. A general meeting of about 4 hours or half a day should be initiated by the Master Scheduler for the purpose of clarifying any conflict, questions and concerns that the teachers and administration staffs should have. Analysis of the final schedule should be done alone by the Master Scheduler. He/She should be able to make sure that the schedule has been optimized given the limited resources of the institution. Problems which are foreseen to happen should be eliminated and alternative plans should be laid out. The analysis should be done in 40 hours or equivalent of 1-week work. After finalization of the Master Schedule, this should be submitted to the school superintendent for approval. Meetings should be set in order to discuss the Master Schedule with the school’s higher management. Questions and concerns should be clarified during this stage. Discussion with higher management should take about 16 hours on the job or an equivalent of 2 days. Prior to the enrollment, a proper monitoring system should be set up in order to examine the workability and feasibility of the Master Schedule. Set-up of the monitoring system should take about 16 hours or 2 days of work. And during enrollment, the monitoring system should be used to observe any problems and deviations from the Master Schedule. If problems and deviations occur, the Master Scheduler should be able to coordinate this with the necessary parties and decide promptly on it. Upon enrollment, the Master Scheduler should spearhead and manage the encoding of the student records, schedules, registration, registration changes and late registration. This stage also involves encoding of the teachers’ schedules. Management of the encoding and monitoring of the Master Schedule should be done during the enrollment period which is about a week or 40-day work.

Microeconomic Policy Essay Example for Free

Microeconomic Policy Essay The article identifies the major reasons why oil prices have become high and will remain high. Lynn Westfall, chief economist for Tesoro (TSO), suggests that the increase in the cost of crude per barrel leads to an increase in the prices of gasoline. The chief economist also suggests that the cost of investment for a new refinery would be at least $16 billion and would depend on several factors like pollution control, the cost of human labor, and the maintenance cost for the refineries. Moreover, the huge increase in global consumption levels has led to an increase in consumer demand and a lengthy process of extracting and refining of crude oil. In essence, the article conveys that the pending situation of high gasoline prices will not be resolved overnight and that the existing social conditions especially the presence of legal sanctions and proscriptions will suppress the possibility of maintaining the status quo or of lowering todays dizzying oil prices. Primary Economic Elements Mechanical enthusiasm scaling from simple lawn mowers to complex factory engines, as well as the trend for travelling and other interests of the like has thoroughly mounted the demand for gas. Given with such instances, the production of gas has been failing to meet that demand, so the anticipated and foreseeable price ceiling is not able to reach the ideal economic state of equilibrium. According to the analysis discussed in the article, it is evident that the catastrophically-triggered instances in the past few years have gravely affected the circulation of natural resources and minerals. The statement given by the chief of Tesoro Corporation (a company engaging in marketing and refining petroleum products in the United States) that the rapid increase of gas prices, ranging from a shoot up of over $3. 20/gallon, commenced the problem which is now taking occurrence in the arena of gas production. Moreover, the fact that consumers have spent approximately $20 billion in this year alone, making the parallel cost of crude somewhere between $30 and $70, is a manifestation that production has depleted at the rate of 2. 5 refineries every two years. Because of the disproportionate rise and fall of demand and supply, the problem is burdening contemporary consumers. Hence, the predicted remedy for such an imbalance in the economic symmetry is taken from the idea of the construction of new refineries. However, constructing new refineries is rather costly in terms of materials, labor, and time. Gas companies are reluctant to take such risks. As for recent analysis of supply and demand, analysts have suggested that there are still 150 grades of gasoline fit enough for use in various states. However, the fear of running down the supply by using these grades is legitimate since refineries need the precise ratio to continue operation. Importing more oil only increases the problem because of the 13% tax on importation. Conclusion Prices on fuel outrageously mount, while the production of supply is belligerently met. It is evident that there is an economic imbalance. the government should seek economic stability to assuage societys fear of a scarcity of resources. However, that scarcity will most likely occur. Such scarcity will lead to poverty (Why Gas Prices Will Stay High, 2007). therefore, the government should take action as soon as possible. Economic stability depends on a balance between production and consumption they should increase and decrease in proportion. What one takes, one must sustain. With that equilibrium, there will still be more for the future. Another issue in this mix is the sustainability of resources. Numerous government agencies are now focusing on the environment and on natural threats that are beyond human control (McPhee) in an effort to determine the appropriate amount for the restoration of lost or damaged properties, specifically when it comes to mineral resources destroyed by natural catastrophes. The change of the price of oil is dependent upon the trade specifications or laws stated in a states contract on import and export. Its primary goal is to stabilize the exchange of goods or energy for the benefit of the benefactor. The changes also depend on the providers ability to produce. The less a resource is available, the higher its cost in the market.

Should Terms Of Us Senators Congressmen Be Limited Politics Essay

Should Terms Of Us Senators Congressmen Be Limited Politics Essay The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution sets forth term limits for the United States President. It states that no person shall be elected to the office of the presidency no more than two, four year terms. Congress passed this amendment on March 21, 1947 with the requisite number of states on February 21, 1951. No serving president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has served more than two terms. Currently, our United States Senators and Congressmen are not limited to term limits that the president is subjected to. The founding father of this nation believed that politics should not be a career as long serving politicians could only bring harm to the nation. Currently, the United States is facing many unique challenges that include the involvement in two wars, rising national debt and high unemployment to name a few. Many of these challenges are due in part to the no term limit for our Senators and Congressmen. I strongly believe that our Senators and Congressmen shoul d be limited to a certain set number of terms that he or she may serve. When the founding fathers drafted the Constitution, their wish was to produce as brief of a document as possible. (1) Term limits were not included in the original documented for various reasons. Many of the framers felt that including term limits for Congress was unnecessary (1). Congressional service was viewed as a part-time job by citizen legislators who would go to Washington to do their duty and then return home to their farms and businesses to resume their lives once the legislative adjourned (1). The wish to not enact term limits in the Constitution stemmed from the fact that many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics and quite familiar with the benefits of frequent rotation in political office (1). The concept of term limits or rotation in office dates back before the American Revolution (1). The framers knew the importance of maintaining a close connection between government and the people it was designed to serve. Because of this they envisione d a citizen legislature to retain control of government by the people. Only since the early days of the twentieth century have American politicians ignored this legacy and pursued careers in elective office (1). Congressional and Senator Term limits is becoming a bigger issue with every day that passes by. The nation needs to enact term limits or we may see the United States of America self destruct. Congress, whos arrogant spending has bankrupted our nation and destroyed our currency, sets its own self-figure pay plus perquisites and pensions as if compensation were to be calculated based on its unbridled spending rather than on prudent governance. Congress has created a counter-productive envy based tax system which penalizes extra effort and success (2). The dream of citizen legislators that our fathers believed in should not be dropped by the waist side. By enacting term limits, our elected officials will try to do more when they are in office and now hold off legislation until the next election. Our elected officials would be able to focus on the job at hand and not worry about constantly running for reelection. This will open up the process to more Americans to show what they have to o ffer (2). Until this issue is addressed in Washington, we will always continue to have a broken political system. The problem concerning term limits will not simply fade away. While in the past, attempts to amend the Constitution to enact term limits have faded, more and more support for it has been on the rise, especially in the GOP party. A group of senators in the Republican Party have been advocating as of late to push for a Constitutional amendment to make term limits a reality. South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint (R) argues that Americans know that real change in Washington will never happen until we end the era of permanent politicians. As long as members have the chance to spend their lives in Washington, their interests will always skew toward spending tax payer dollars to buy off special interests, covering over corruption in the bureaucracy, fundraising, relationship building among lobbyists, and trading favors for pork in short, amassing their own power (3). Over time, career legislators are more likely to promote the interest of the establishment of which they are a part than that of the larger public. New blood, new faces need to enter the senate and congress, on a frequent basis. This will help avoid the highly influenced Congress that is filled with old people with old ideals. There are too many career politicians that have been sitting in office much longer than they should be. Although, as a democratic nation, we have the ability to vote for whom we wish to see service in political offices, but the problem is, if no one new is running, what happens? The same politician who has been sitting in the same seat will get reelected because of no opposition. By enacting term limits, this may change the way our democratic nation works. Term limits may actually increase a voters choice at the polls. What politician is going to run against a popular individual who is running for his or her third or fourth term? In states where term limits have been applied to legislators, the result has been more candidates running for office (4). This country is founded on basic principles that we are a melting pot society, unique in the fact that we are made up of many different cultures and values. This could be beneficial in the fact that with many different views and values th at so many of us have, the United States can continue to be a successful nation in the twenty first century. Continuing the views of our current politicians will only keep the country in the dark ages. Term limits have already been placed on 15 state legislatures. In each of those states, the term limits have proved successful in increasing the number of diversity of political candidates (4). It is time that the same is held true from the federal level. Politicians elected into office are supposed to be representatives of the people, voted in by the people. As more career politicians sit in office, the more they are removed from the rest of the country. They no longer understand the people that they are suppose to be representing. While allowing senators and congressmen to be reelected, they are given the chance to continue building relationships with lobbyists and interest groups, a phenomenon that has been occurring in Washington for way to long. Too many Americans have lost faith in their government. Term limits may in fact help restore respect and faith in our government. Use of discreditable tactics like pork barreling that has powerful electoral effects is a major cause of declining respect for and satisfaction with Congress. Term limits would arrest this decline of congressional legitimacy, ensuring that members would be more truly representative of their communities and would renew American citizenship by writing into law th e principle that people can govern themselves (5). In many places of employment, there are people who feel that because they have been employed the longest, they deserve everything. Its a pretty common philosophy that many Americans believe to be true. The same can also be said of our nations politicians. An unlimited term creates a need in the legislature for a seniority system, in which mediocre politicians thrive. If they can be reelected a few times, thereby earning the right to serve in important committees and chairmanships, they cement their chances of being reelected continuously, not because they deserve it, but only because of the power they wield and the media exposure they receive, enhancing their name recognition (6). The seniority system that has been in place in the countrys history has proven to be disastrous. Term limits can help new individuals win support based on the merit of the work theyve done and not based solely on seniority. Like many sides of an argument there are always those that oppose a particular subject for some specific reason. The debate of term limits is no different. There are many who feel that there is already too much adequate turnover in both the house and the senate and that by creating term limits, the turnover rate would be even higher in the future then it currently is at. It was not until 1900 that the turnover rate first fell to one-forth. And turnover remained in at least the low double digits until 1968. Since then, turnover has often fallen into single digits and has averaged at about 15.2 percent. That is far too low, especially when compared to the 40, 50, and 60 percent turnover common a century ago (7). This figure shows that the turnover is too low and that the argument that term limits would only increase that number is false. Politicians in the eighteenth and nineteenth century were able to accomplish more in the two and three terms they served before returning home to thei r private lives. Turnover was high, but legislative was accomplished. The same cannot be said of the twentieth and twenty first century politicians. The country is facing high unemployment throughout a majority of the fifty states. Many hardworking Americans have been out of work for quite some time, some more than others. While many private citizens fear for losing their jobs, there is one place where unemployment is low and that is in the House and Senate. Because of this, the public is extremely mad at Washington, mad at the corruption, the underhanded deals, the earmarks, and the sense of entitlement that comes with lifetime employment (8). Robert Byrd is currently a Senior United States Senator from West Virginia. Byrd has been a Senator since January 3, 1959 and currently is the longest serving Senator in congressional history. Byrd is an example of an individual who has been receiving lifetime employment for more than fifty one years. Byrd also represents what our founding fathers feared. Its time to remove the security of lifetime employment and lawmakers might actually have to do something productive (8). In addition to the opposition that many face enacting term limits, many feel that by forcing term limits, it would be considered unconstitutional. Term limits are not unconstitutional. The 22nd Amendment to the Constitution requires the presidency of the United States to have term limits (9). It was initially Congress who passed this amendment back in 1947. Congress felt that it was necessary for the president to have term limits but cries foul when it comes to a proposed amendment for term limits for themselves. The major political parties do not want to lose their grip of government (9). Although, the 1995 Supreme Court ruling against term limits was struck down, majority of the general public is in favor of imposing Congressional term limits. Americans believe that term limits in Congress is positive. We should realize that our constitutes are elected to serve the citizens of this country, and because most Americans believe in term limits, the government should come together to ap prove the necessary two-thirds majority, or 290 votes to successfully pass an amendment to the Constitution. At the heart of the debate in addition to whether or not term limits should be enacted, a second question would be, how many terms would a congressional member be able to serve? Currently, members of the House can serve unlimited two year terms, while senators can service unlimited six year terms. This is way too long for someone to be sitting in power. It todays Congress, 42.9 percent of the House members and 45 percent of senators have been in office for 12 or more years. Term limits supporters think those 12 years in Congress is plenty (10). Term limitation will accomplish a number of positive things, but one stands out, it will improve the quality of leadership of our congressional public servants by replacing careerists with citizen legislators who truly want to serve our county and see that the United States always remains a superpower in the world. When the delegates were drafting the Constitution, much debate and compromises occurred. One of those issues at hand was how to be sure that each state received equal representation. The final compromise became known as the Great Compromise. This compromise permitted that each state would receive equal representation in the senate. This bicameral legislature resulted in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives. Although the issue of state representation was addressed at the convention many who oppose term limits feel that this would in fact become a disadvantage to many of the smaller states. Smaller states historically though have attempted to compensate for this by continually reelecting incumbents regardless of their views on issues in order to accumulate power with seniority. Without such seniority, goes the argument smaller states would be at the mercy of larger states (5). The 23 states which had placed term limits on their congressional delegates before th e Supreme Court outlawed this practice; all of those disregarded this argument regardless of size (10). No citizen themselves ever complained about their equal representation regardless of the size of the state. Citizens just want their representatives to do legislation that will benefit them and the country. In conclusion, our founding fathers who drafted the government of the United States believed that it was important that no politician should make politics a career. Their philosophy was to serve their country and go home. Because too many have become career politicians, Congress has bankrupted our nation and forgot what their true duty is as congressional members. Although support for an amendment continues to gain momentum, there are still many who oppose having term limits. Many feel that they have the right to continue to serve because of their seniority such as Senator Byrd of West Virginia, while others feel that there is already too much turnover and term limits would only cause an even higher turnover. Others argue that term limits would be unconstitutional. Each member in the House can serve unlimited two year terms and members in the senate can serve unlimited six year terms. If a Constitutional Amendment is passed and congressional members are subjected to term limits, the country could successfully eliminate many of the problems that the country is facing. It was not the citizens of this nation who caused the massive trillion dollar deficit; it was not the citizens of this country who created the long-term short falls in both Social Security and Medicare. The Wall Street and auto maker and bank bailouts were not because of the American citizens. These issues that plague our nation were issues created by our long extended serving members in the House and senate. For these reasons alone, I strongly believe that our Senators and Congressmen should be limited to a certain set number of terms that he or she may serve.

Joan Of Arc :: essays research papers

On the night of the feast of the Epiphany (January 6th) at the end of the Christmas season, in the year 1412 during the final waning period of the relative peace secured by the Truce pf Leulinghen, a baby was born to Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle in the village of Domremy. She was christened Jehanne (â€Å"Joan†) after her godmothers Jehanne Royer and Jehanne de Viteau. Her childhood was spent among the forests and strawberry- covered fields of the Meuse River valley, far from the northern regions where the political situation was becoming increasingly troubled. Against the problems that were occurring around them, members of the Darc family continued to farm their 50-some acres of land near the Meuse. According to the Domremy villagers whom later testified to Jehanne’s childhood upbringing, she was a dutiful child who helped her parents with the chore along with her other siblings: her three older brothers Jacquemin, Jean, and Pierre, and her little sister Catherine. She was deeply devoted to God and the Blessed Virgin. She also loved the ringing of the church bells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1414 her father rented the nearby Chateau de I'll from a local aristocratic family to serve as a secure sanctuary for the villagers and their livestock. In 1420 when Jehanne was eight, the Treaty of Troyes granted Henry V eventual title to the kingdom of France and the hand of Catherine, daughter of King Charles. In 1422 Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other, leaving the infant Henry VI as the nominal King of France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around that time, perhaps in the summer of 1424, the young farm girl from Domremy said she began to experience visions. She would later explain: â€Å"I was in my thirteenth year when I heard a voice from God to help me govern my conduct. And the first time I was very much afraid. And this voice came, about the hour of noon, in the summer time, in my father’s garden...† A new chapter had begun for Jehanne and the various factions fighting for control of the Kingdom of France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She believed that the voices came from God. She said the first of the voices were of Saint Michael. The voices told her two to three times a week that she must go away and that I must come to France; and my father knew nothing of my leaving.

Robert Frost Biography :: essays research papers

Robert Lee Frost, born in San Francisco, California on March 26th 1874 was named after Robert E. Lee, the commander for the Confederate armies during the American Civil War. He’s an American poet, who drew his images from t he New England countryside and his language from New England speech. Although his images and voice often seem familiar and old, his observations have an edge of skepticism and irony that makes his work, never as old-fashioned, easy, or carefree as it appears. He was one of America’s leading 20th century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After his father’s death of tuberculosis in 1885, when young Frost was 11, the family left California and settled in Massachusetts. Frost attended high school there, entered Dartmouth College, but remained less than one semester. Returning to Massachusetts, he taught school and worked in a mill and as a newspaper reporter. A year later he married Elinor White, with whom he had shared valedictorian honors at Lawrence High School. From 1897 to 1899, he attended Harvard College as a special student but left without a degree. In 1912, at the age of 38, he sold the farm and used the proceeds to take his family to England, where he could devote himself entirely to writing. His efforts to establish himself and his work were almost immediately successful. A Boy’s Will was accepted by a London publisher and brought out in 1913, followed a year later by North of Boston. Favorable reviews on both sides of the Atlantic resulted in American publication of the books by Henry Holt and Company, Frost’s primary American publisher, and in the establishing of Frost’s transatlantic reputation. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment, and though he saw the beauty of nature, he also saw its potential dangers. Frost disliked free verse, which was popular with many writers of his time, and instead used traditional metrical and rhythmical schemes. He often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse, but ran sentences over several lines so that the poetic meter plays subtly under the rhythms of natural speech. Frost listened to the speech in his country world north of Boston, and he recorded it. He had what he called â€Å"The ruling passion in man †¦ a gregarious instinct to keep together by minding each other’s business.† Frost continued to mind his neighbors’ speech and business in his volume Mountain Interval (1916), which included the poems â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, â€Å"An Old Man’s Winter Night†, â€Å"Birches† and more.

Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks­ Essay -- Tracks

Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks ­ One of the most striking characteristics of Pauline Puyat is her devout Catholicism and her desire to be disconnected from the Ojibwa people. Throughout Tracks, she openly chooses Catholicism over her native religion and abandons her native ways almost completely. When Pauline tries to help Fleur prevent a miscarriage, she is literally held back by her conscious separation from the Ojibwa culture. There are many things that Pauline fails to do to effectively prevent Fleur from miscarrying. The most obvious is her failure to efficiently put together the herbal steep made of Alder: â€Å"And I could not remember the plant’s configuration, even though its use was common enough for bleeding problems† (156). Although Pauline could be nervously forgetting the properties of Alder, this forgetfulness of a basic remedy stresses her abandonment of Ojibwa society and its practices. The array of stored plants makes Pauline even more nervous: â€Å"Plant after Plant! Some were shaped like a man’s forked legs and some were rolled in balls...I put fort...

Intro to Contemporary Society

To ask any person what family means in contemporary society is to take a glimpse into the multitude of terms describing family forms, that is; â€Å"household, couple family, nuclear family, extended family, single-parent family, blended families and stepfamilies† (Germov & Poole, 2007). Therefore regardless of how a family is structured an integral component that each one of these families has is the role they play in the socialisation process.That is, every person’s life from the time they are born till the time they pass will be encompassed with acquiring what is their cultural â€Å"norms, values, beliefs, attitudes and language† (Gecas, 2001, p. 2855). In doing so the individuals self and personality will be formed and moulded. For the purpose of this essay I will concentrate on the significance of family in the socialisation process and three facets for which family is central, they are: behaviour, development and gender roles.Predominately, the three aspec ts will focus on the primary socialisation that focuses on the progression of one’s development. It will examine the nuclear family diversity within family socialisation and describe how different family types socialise. Finally it will briefly discuss the change in family roles within contemporary society. Socialisation is a continual process of cultural diffusion that recognises social identities, roles and personal behaviours that an individual will learn so to become a member of society (Scott, 2006).Every individual begins the process of socialisation within the early years of personhood within the context of their family. Our parents, siblings, grandparents and extended immediate family are our primary agents, who develop our knowledge and skills through a variety of actions (Scott, 2006). Therefore the family in the socialisation process is the most influential and essential for a child’s development. A newly born baby is not a very social being; it is the paren ts’ role to train the baby and to help make it properly social (Plummer, 2010).As parents respond to their baby’s physical needs, they are starting to implement what the baby should expect from their surroundings and the way they should communicate their needs. A child’s earliest interaction with society is through the relationships it develops with its family members. These relationships during a baby’s development play a key role in their future social adjustments (Strickland, 2001). In relation, families who provide dependable and responsive care, aid the child to develop personal evelopment that can be considered typical to what society views as normal. In doing so the child will be able to develop relationships with others that are beneficial and nourishing (Plummer, 2010). An example of children who do not receive this type of care would be to refer to the studies that have been complied regarding feral children. It has been suggested by Plummer (20 10) that children who have been â€Å"left to live in isolation and then discovered, later show that they simply cannot function as social beings† (p. 20).Similarly a family who during the child’s developmental years pass on what they think and understand to be principle behaviours, attitudes, skills and values can be suggested to be exercising the social learning theory researched by Jean Piaget (1896-1980). According to social learning theory, behaviours and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us†¦ the identity people acquire is based more on the behaviours and attitudes of people around them than the interior landscape of the individual (Anderson & Taylor, 2006, p. 4). For example, household rules govern behaviour, generosity and caring are socially respected merits that are taught within the home and culture, and interpersonal behaviour function as models for interactions with outside people (Strickland, 2001). He nce, during the primary socialisation it is not only the matter to understand what are the patterns of behaviour, the rules or the norms, â€Å"it is a matter of learning to the extent to which they become part of the way people think† (Gecas, 2001, p. 2856).In addition, support and control from families are the most powerful models of influence in the socialisation process. Children who are continually supported by their family through the progression of significant life stages are found to present encouraging â€Å"cognitive development, moral behaviour, positive self esteem, academic achievement and social competence† (Rollins & Thomas, 1979, p. 41). Conversely, where there is a lack of family support children may display negative outcomes. Rollins and Thomas (1979) suggest â€Å"low self esteem, delinquency, deviance, drug use, and various other problem behaviours† (p. 2). Also, parental control is just as important as support in the socialisation process. J ust like support, the level of control families exercise forms of punishment, discipline, supervision, strictness and monitoring can lead to positive or negative developmental and behavioural outcomes for the child. A significant behaviour that is discovered in the family context is what it means to be a boy or girl. This process takes place when the families we exist in â€Å"condition our behaviours by treating boys and girls in accordance with social expectations† (Holmes, 200, p. 3). Children â€Å"quickly learn how men and women are expected to behave, even if those close to them do not always behave according to those expectations† (Holmes, 2007, p. 43). The socialisation experience of girls across cultures is geared towards motherhood and males will be workers (Hoffman, 1977). The main point here is these similarities across cultures and over time have led many to believe that gender roles â€Å"must be biologically based and unchangeable† (Hoffman, 1977, p. 644) to reflect the expectations of society.It tends to be the case in contemporary society that an array of different family types exist. No more are children being born into married mother and father couples, they are also being reared to unwed heterosexual couples, divorced couples, unattached heterosexual men and women, and to adults who have used IVF techniques, to which they may or may not be related too. This is only a selection of a small number of family types that now occupy society and as a result the way in which these families come to socialise will differ.To identify why these differences exist would be to observe not only the family type but factors that are confounded within the family type (Grusec & Hastings, 2007). In other words, according to Grusec and Hastings (2007) the functioning of an individual is influenced by the relationship within the family. Therefore, if there were an absence of the mother or father in the home, such as single-parent habitat, it w ould bestow a different family socialisation context.Also, children and parents who live in different family structures may have the right to use distinctive economic, community and social resources, and as a result this may offer greater experiences of cultural surroundings in a variety of ways. For example, parents with â€Å"low incomes and less access to resources show poorer socialisation practices and less authoritative parenting styles, compared to more financially well off parents† (Grusec & Hastings, 2007, p. 329).Children who live in homes that require constant residential moving, for example parents who are divorced will experience problems in adjusting compared to children whose families provide stable environments (Grusec & Hastings, 2007). Consequently, for the majority of human beings who will experience society through the observations of our initial family practices, we will all grow up thinking that ‘our’ family is normal. It is not until we beg in to realise that ‘our’ family is a part of the many varieties of family types mentioned above, that the diversity of family is introduced.Even until today the nuclear family continues to create a dominant principle in much of the Western world, and Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) have described family diversity by contributing to the idealised conception that the nuclear family is disappearing. As Poole (2005, as citied in Bittman & Pixley, 1997) has pointed out examining household types at one juncture obscures transitions such as children leaving home, thus creating single-person or couple households; having children; separating and divorcing; ageing and moving to live with married children or to supported accommodation; and then dying.Throughout this period, nuclear family households are created and broken up and then recreated – sometimes several times (p. 67). Factors that are also contributing to the demise of the nuclear family are â€Å"increased longevit y, declining fertility, rising divorce rates and increase in the proportion of people who will never marry† (Poole, 2005, p. 67-68). Hence, it is no longer infrequent or rare to come across children who will appear from an assorted mixture of parents and families. Likewise it is not uncommon in contemporary society that the role of the women has changed.It is no longer the actuality that women will spend much of their lives pregnant, nursing or caring for children. This change has resulted primarily from three converging factors, â€Å"smaller family size, longer life expectancy and higher employment rates for women throughout their life cycle† (Hoffman, 1977, p. 644). The socialisation process across cultures for girls is geared toward motherhood; therefore if motherhood is no longer the major role of women in society, then the socialisation process can be expected to change (Hoffman, 1977).However, in spite of all these changes the responsibility for women to have chi ldren is still her role. Furthermore the role of the female in the family has evolved with the contemporary woman who is choosing to have an increased control over their fertility and as result they are marrying later in life, having children later, and having fewer children. In addition, the increased acceptance and expectation in society that women work is also bearing waves on the reduction of babies being conceived, so too is the proportion of women pursuing higher education qualifications.Overall, whether or not the birth rate remains low is difficult to predict, but there is clearly an increase in the number of couples who expect to have only two children (Hoffman, 1977), so where does this leave the generation continuance in the socialisation process? In conclusion every human being when they enter the world of life will be thrust into the process of socialisation for which their families bear the greatest responsibility. They will become a distinct mark in the culture they p reside too and the self will evolve through the wondrous capabilities of learning, identifying, and developing who they are as an individual.There are many aspects for which the family is fundamental during the socialisation process and we can appreciate that in respect to the assortment of different family types there will be altered approaches to how families socialise, much diversity and ongoing change. As the individual evolves during the many stages of their life, they too will become the family member who takes the role in the socialisation process and it will now be their responsibility to ensure that the culture they belong to continues on. References Gecas, V. (2001).Socialisation: Encyclopedia of Sociology (Vol. 4, 2nd ed. , pp. 2855-2864). Retrieved from http://www. gale. cengage. com Germov, J. , & Poole, M. (2007). Public sociology: An introduction to Australian society. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Grusec, J. E. , & Hastings, P. D (2007). Handbook of socialisation : Theory and Research. New York, NY: Guilford Publications. Hoffman, L. W. (1977). Changes in family roles, socialisation, and sex differences. American Psychologist Journal, (August), 644-657. Holmes, M. (2007). What is gender?.London, England: Sage Publications. Plummer, K. (2010). Sociology: The basics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Poole, M. (2005). Family: Changing families, changing times. NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Rapoport, R. , & Rapoport, R. N. (1982). Families in Britain. London: Routledge Rollins, B. C. , & Thomas, D. L. (1979). Parental support, power, and control techniques in the socialisation of children. New York, NY: Free Press Strickland, B. (2001). Socialisation: The Gale Encylopedia of Psychology (2nd ed, pp. 607-609). Retrieved from http:www. gale. cengage. com

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems

Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency Care Assistance) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency Care Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate Name: _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer: ___________________ Unit Overview: This unit will give learners a basic understanding of how the body is organised – from cells up to systems. Learners will also gain an understanding of the components and functions of the main systems of the body, leading to further understanding of how illness or injury affects the normal functions of an organ or system. How you will be assessed for unit 12:This unit consists of one knowledge outcome which will be assessed via a workbook. Outcomes| Assessment| Criteria| 1. Know how body Systems are organised| Knowledge Workbook| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system1. 5 Defin e directional terms used in medicine1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System| Knowledge Workbook| 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Describe the structure of the lungs2. 4 Outline the process of respiration2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| 3. Know the function of the Cardiovascular System| Knowledge Workbook| 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system3. 2 Label the structure of the heart3. 3 State the electrical conductionsystem of the heart3. 4 Describe the purpose of differenttypes of blood vessels3. 5Describe the properties of blood| 4. Know how the nervous system supports body functions| Knowledge Workbook| 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervoussystem4. 2 Identify the components of thenervous system| 5.Know how the skeletal system functions | Knowledge Workbook | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the bones of the s keleton5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and theskeleton| In order to pass this unit you must complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you have any difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to support you 1. Know how the body systems are organised. 1. 1: Label the structure of a typical cell Using the following diagram label the key component of the cell.Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a tissue You need to describe the following types of tissue in your answer, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle specifying how muscle is sub divided into both voluntary and involuntary giving appropriate examples . A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them.There are four basic kinds of tissue in the body: epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue; and nerve tissue. Epithelial: Covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal or external body surfaces. Connective: Connective tissue serves a connecting function; it supports and binds other tissue. Nervous: nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism.Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. Muscle tissue: has ability to relax and contrast and so brings about movement and mechanical work in various parts of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells t hat are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body.E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. You need to consider the following in your answer, namely how specialized tissues have both specialist functions or form a particular structure such as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath.A group of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respirato ry system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function You need to include in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that contain specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional terms used in medicine Your answer must provide a clear definition of the following terms and how these are utilised to describe the human body and positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 2. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 3. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 4. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior – Toward back of the body 6. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body . Proximal – Clo ser to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 9. External –Structure closer to internal organs 10. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 13. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior – Toward back of the body 16.Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External –Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs within body cavities Complete the diagram clearly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea Heart Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta AortaLiver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder Stomach Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and Supplementary Work sheets. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first important thing in learning about anatomy and physiology is to know the anatomical position and body landmarks.To accurately describe body parts and position, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facin g forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the posterior portion of the left lower leg.To clearly state the area of injury the Paramedic uses the term â€Å"sural† which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing â€Å"back area of the lower leg†. Knowing these terms not only give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to each other, directional terms are used. For example to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we can say â€Å"the heart is located in between the arms†.Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as â€Å"the heart is medial to the arms. † Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | |Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | The terms commonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external an d internal.Using these terminologies show on the diagram below and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries but to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:   epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues.Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the student's worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues.Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-lik e. In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function.The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to consider the following topics in your answer, namely the extraction of Oxygen from the atmosphere and the excretion of carbon dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system maintains the acid base balance of the blood and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he process by which air enters the lungs. It may be useful to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance Servic e Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following presentation before attempting this question, http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body.The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract.Complete the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm Right lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Bronchus Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the thoracic cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to facilitate your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs.Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli.This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air.Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bron chi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree.They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semi permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this questi on. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a valuable insight into the mechanics of respiration.External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expir ed back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current best practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medication such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen therapy.Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 2. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until bac kup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 6. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration: Fill out the blanks Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of †¦oxygen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦muscle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ contractions. 1.External†¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and tissues. 4. Internal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue.The lungs are divided into lobes; the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant ne xt to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over.Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane. The Earth's atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide.Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air| | 100%| Oxygen| | 20%| Nitrogen| | 79%| Carbon Dioxide| | 0. 04%| Water Vapour| | variable%| Inert Gases| | 0. 15%| Complete the table below providing a brief description of ea ch structure. Structure| description| Nose| The nose is mainly made up of cartilage bones and fibrous tissues. | | Pharynx| Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. | Larynx| Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. | | Trachea| Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. | | Bronchi| Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. | | Bronchioles| The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli| | Lungs| Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. | Alveoli| Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded b y dense network of capillaries| | Pleura| Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact| | The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters.Complete the table below to demonstrate this. Respiratory Rates | Bradypneoic| Normal| Tachypnoeic| Neonate| 40| Child| 30| Adult| 30| Asthma: Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways – the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles round the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky m ucus or phlegm builds up, which can further narrow the airways. These reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated – making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term condition  that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be controlled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. That  is  1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, the  symptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to severe, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start in  young people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not fully und erstood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families.You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parents  has the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are  the small tubes, called bronchi,  which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi  will be  inflamed and  more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing.It  may also  make your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an ‘acute asthma exacerbation'. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long-lasting) asthma, long-term infla mmation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger is  anything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There are  other types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities: * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. OutlookWhile there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help control the condition very effectively. Tre atment is based on two important goals: * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function.Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correctly. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. Blood flows arou nd the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5.Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below.It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. Left Atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle Arteria l valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres and L&R Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus rhythm to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this chain of events. ttp://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function.You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product.Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries.Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life; your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Don’t forget that blood contains more than solids.They key components you must discus s are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Begin by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophi l (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and n utrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plas ma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed.The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal c ord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate.Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS SThe main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impu lse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state.The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve Spinal cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system.Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal s ystem also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum Ulna Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs RibsMetatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibu la Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated.The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the w rist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size.Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation.Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints: e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint; tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and attached to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, generate force to produce movement.The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web links are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding o f the anatomy and physiology of the human body.These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web link below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http://www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respirati on 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObje ct. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml As part of your role as a ECA y ou will be required to measure a patients’ blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched| Y/N| Comment| 1. http://www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/Vie wObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html| | | Criteria| Achieved(? )| AssessorsComments| Internal Verifiers Comments| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell| | | | 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue| | | | 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ| | | | 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system| | | | 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine| | | | 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| | | | . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system| | | | 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract| | | | 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs| | | | 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration| | | | 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| | | | 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system| | | | 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart| | | | 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart| | | | 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels| | | | 3. 5Describe the properties of blood| | | | 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system| | | | 4. Identify the components of the nervous system| | | | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system| | | | 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton| | | | 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints| | | | 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton| | | | | General Comments| Areas for Improvement| Assessor Signature: Date:| Learner Signature Date:| Internal Verifier Signature: Date:|