James Joyce Essay -- essays research papers

James Joyce      James Joyce, an Irish author and artist, grew up close to Dublin. James Joyce is one of the most compelling writers of the twentieth century. In each of his writing works he utilized images to encounter what he called a "epiphany", the disclosure of certain noteworthy characteristics about himself. His initial works uncover singular states of mind and characters and the predicament of Ireland and the Irish craftsman in the 1900's. Later works, uncover a man in the entirety of his multifaceted nature as an craftsman and in family perspectives. Joyce is known for his style of composing called "stream of consciousness". Utilizing this strategy, he overlooked conventional sentence structure and endeavored to recreate the meandering aimlessly's of the human psyche. A significant number of his works were affected by his life in Ireland as a craftsman. He was affected by three principle factors throughout his life, his adolescence and guardians, his country of Dublin, Ireland, and the Roman Catholic Church. These three perspectives appear in the entirety of his works inconspicuously, however explicitly in, The Dead, A Picture of the Artist as a Young Man, and Araby.      James Joyce, was conceived February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the first of fifteen children destined to Mary Jane Murray, and John Stanslaus Joyce. He was initiated James Augustine Aloysius Joyce. His mom was a mellow lady who had smart feelings yet didn't communicate them. His dad was a vicious, temperamental man who was a clinical understudy and government official. He was taught in Dublin at Jesuit school's as long as he can remember. In 1888, he went to Clongeswood School, yet his dad lost his employment and James needed to pull back. He graduated in October of 1902, from Royal University. He was intrigued by the hints of words and by the rhythms of discourse since he initially began school. He was prepared by the Jesuits who at one time trusted he would join their request; yet Joyce got antagonized from the Jesuits and abandoned from the Catholic Church in the wake of graduating school. Joyce put forth a tremendous attempt to liberate himself from all parts of the past, for example, family, religion, and nation. He left Ireland in 1902 subsequent to graduating school. He spent a mind-blowing remainder in either Trieste, Zurich, or Paris. During this time he was poor. He spent quite a bit of his working profession as a language educator. He was said to have known 17 dialects. He likewise s... ...furthermore, that individuals should think on their own, without the congregation disclosing to you how to think.      James Joyce's was keen on finding reality in his works also, uncovering it. He was a decent eyewitness of the real world, which he cherished, and he continuously needed to get at reality behind the appearance. Joyce willfully banished himself from Ireland, yet at the same time Ireland was never a long way from his psyche, and his composition. He additionally banished himself from the congregation yet expounded on it and it's limitations frequently. He deserted his adolescence and decided to compose his youth collection of memoirs under an alternate name. He watched others' reality but then decide to overlook his own. He left Ireland, the congregation, and his adolescence, clairvoyantly, however he never left them in his own oblivious. He decide to expound on his life and sentiments in different people groups words and in other people groups mouths. As yet wishing to oust himself from his life, he nearly felt as on the off chance that by leaving every one of these spots outwardly he would leave every one of his sentiments behind moreover. He expounded on the points he decide to remove himself from, as in the event that to get an impartial gander at them, and to expound on the genuine truth. James Joyce Essay - papers research papers James Joyce      James Joyce, an Irish writer and artist, grew up close to Dublin. James Joyce is one of the most powerful writers of the twentieth century. In each of his exposition works he utilized images to encounter what he called a "epiphany", the disclosure of certain noteworthy characteristics about himself. His initial compositions uncover singular dispositions and characters and the predicament of Ireland and the Irish craftsman in the 1900's. Later works, uncover a man in the entirety of his multifaceted nature as an craftsman and in family perspectives. Joyce is known for his style of composing called "stream of consciousness". Utilizing this method, he disregarded customary sentence structure and endeavored to replicate the meandering aimlessly's of the human brain. A considerable lot of his works were impacted by his life in Ireland as a craftsman. He was impacted by three primary factors throughout his life, his youth and guardians, his country of Dublin, Ireland, and the Roman Catholic Church. These three viewpoints appear in the entirety of his works unpretentiously, however explicitly in, The Dead, A Picture of the Artist as a Young Man, and Araby.      James Joyce, was conceived February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the first of fifteen children destined to Mary Jane Murray, and John Stanslaus Joyce. He was dedicated James Augustine Aloysius Joyce. His mom was a mellow lady who had insightful sentiments however didn't communicate them. His dad was a fierce, irritable man who was a clinical understudy and government official. He was instructed in Dublin at Jesuit school's as long as he can remember. In 1888, he went to Clongeswood School, yet his dad lost his employment and James needed to pull back. He graduated in October of 1902, from Royal University. He was intrigued by the hints of words and by the rhythms of discourse since he originally began school. He was prepared by the Jesuits who at one time trusted he would join their request; yet Joyce got antagonized from the Jesuits and abandoned from the Catholic Church in the wake of graduating school. Joyce put forth a tremendous attempt to liberate himself from all parts of the past, for example, family, religion, and nation. He left Ireland in 1902 in the wake of graduating school. He spent an incredible remainder in either Trieste, Zurich, or Paris. During this time he was poor. He spent quite a bit of his working profession as a language educator. He was said to have known 17 dialects. He likewise s... ...furthermore, that individuals should think on their own, without the congregation disclosing to you how to think.      James Joyce's was keen on finding reality in his compositions furthermore, uncovering it. He was a decent spectator of the real world, which he adored, and he continuously needed to get at reality behind the appearance. Joyce willfully ousted himself from Ireland, yet at the same time Ireland was never a long way from his psyche, and his composition. He additionally ousted himself from the congregation yet expounded on it and it's requirements regularly. He deserted his youth and decided to compose his youth life account under an alternate name. He watched others' reality but then decide to disregard his own. He left Ireland, the congregation, and his adolescence, mystically, yet he never left them in his own oblivious. He decide to expound on his life and sentiments in different people groups words and in other people groups mouths. As yet wishing to oust himself from his life, he nearly felt as on the off chance that by leaving every one of these spots outwardly he would leave every one of his sentiments behind too. He expounded on the points he decide to remove himself from, as in the event that to get an unprejudiced gander at them, and to expound on the genuine truth.

Educational Psychology: Quantitative Research Methods

Instructive Psychology: Quantitative Research Methods Rachel Price Select a mental teach and Identify the essential research techniques and designsâ used in that discipline, and consider why that might be the situation. This task will take a gander at a number research strategies and plans utilized in Educational Psychology. While there are various research strategies and structures utilized in Educational Psychology this task will concentrate on the utilization of quantitative research in the types of meetings, polls and contextual investigations and will likewise examine quantitative research as psychometric testing utilized in the evaluation of dyslexia, for example, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Wechsler 1949) and the Kaufman appraisal battery for youngsters (Kaufman, 1983) and why every one of the techniques talked about are utilized, while taking a gander at the legitimacy and restrictions of the strategies and plan. Instructive Psychology is characterized by Wittrock (1989) as the logical control worried about the turn of events, assessment, application and standards and hypotheses of human learning. Instructive Psychologists complete research when they look at the subjective advancement of little youngsters, investigate the connection between educators inclinations, instructive encounters and study hall execution, and control the basic highlights of exercises and study that bring about understudy cooperation levels or investigate the issues related with the collaboration of instructors and students and learning settings in circumstances (Berliner Calfee, 2004). Alexander and Winne, (2006) recommend these regions of research add to the study of learning and help create rules for successful study hall rehearses. The two research techniques that impact logical instructive research are quantitative and subjective methodologies. Instructive research will in general be a blend of both quantitative and subjective research procedures (Williams, 2011). Quantitative research techniques are basically trial in nature and worried about the causal connections among reliant and free factors, while subjective research strategies are principally non-trial and worried about distinguishing and portraying topics basic human experience or the experience of a specific marvel (Della Porta Keating, 2008). Willis (2008) contends that quantitative and subjective research strategies are regularly get components or methods from one another. For instance, program-assessment investigate, activity research, and instructor as-scientist techniques are types of blended instructive research plan that utilization components of both quantitative and subjective strategies (Johnson, Christensen, 2008). Instructive therapists depend on quantitative based research techniques to assist them with settling on choices about school projects and practices (Slavin, 2002). Stanovich and Stanovich (2003) characterize quantitative based research as a type of study that utilizes precise techniques that draw on cautious perception or experimentation so as to make substantial, solid and dependable, ends. The science part of instructive brain research looks to sort reality from fiction by utilizing specific systems for acquiring data (Johnson Christensen, 2000; Kawachi, Kennedy Glass, 1999). Wolfe (2010) contends that the specialty of instructive brain research lies in interpreting deductively substantial and solid data into feasible and powerful study hall practice. Quantitative research is objective, testable, and efficient ( Kothari, 2011). Gravetter and Forzano, (2015) propose that It decreases the probability that data will be founded on close to home convictions, sentiments and assessments. Quantitative research depends on the logical strategy, a methodology that can be utilized to find exact data. It incorporates these means: conceptualize the issue, gather information, reach determinations, and amend inquire about ends and hypothesis( Cronbach, 1957).Once information has been gathered, instructive clinicians utilize factual techniques to comprehend the importance of their quantitative information to help make inferences. They likewise contrast their discoveries and what others have found about a similar issue. The last advance in the logical strategy is overhauling research ends and hypothesis (Mertens, 2014).Slavin and Davis, (2006) recommend that instructive analysts have created various speculations about the most ideal ways for unders tudies to learn McInerney, (2005) proposes that when an instructive clinician needs to test a theory they can browse numerous techniques, for example, perception .Scientific perception is exceptionally efficient. It requires comprehending what is being searched for, leading perceptions in a fair-minded way, precisely recording and classifying what was seen, and viably conveying these perceptions (Hersen, Haynes Heiby, 2003). A typical method to record perceptions is to record them, utilizing shorthand or images. What's more, recording devices, camcorders, uncommon coding sheets, single direction mirrors, and PCs can be utilized to mention objective facts progressively proficient. (Coolican, 2009). Instructive therapists direct research in labs at the colleges where they work and educate, despite the fact that labs frequently assist scientists with increasing more control in their examinations, they have been condemned as being counterfeit. In illustrative perception, conduct is seen out in reality ( McInerney, 2005).Educational analysts direct authentic perceptions of youngsters in study halls, at exhibition halls, on play areas, in homes, in neighborhoods, and in different settings (Gã ¶ncã ¼, Jain Tuermer, 2007). Instructive analysts use meetings and surveys to get some answers concerning students’ and teachers’ encounters (Vaughn, Schumm Sinagub, 1996). Meetings ordinarily occur up close and personal, despite the fact that they should be possible via telephone or the Internet while surveys are typically given to people in printed frame and can be rounded out from numerous points of view, for example, face to face, via mail, or through the Internet (Coolican, 2009). Great meetings and reviews include solid, explicit, and unambiguous inquiries and a few methods for checking the legitimacy of the respondents’ answers (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls Ormston, 2013). Anyway Fowler (2008) contends that meetings and overviews are not without issues. One essential constraint is that numerous people offer socially alluring responses, reacting in a way they believe is most socially worthy and attractive as opposed to how they really think or feel. For instance, a few educators, when met or requested to round out a survey about their showing rehearses, delay to concede genuinely how every now and again they scold or scrutinize their understudies (Loughran, 2002). Talented meeting methods and questions that expansion frank reactions are critical to getting exact data. Another issue with meetings and reviews is that the respondents in some cases just falsehood (Coolican, 2009). Another sort of research technique utilized by instructive clinicians are contextual analyses (Woolfson, 2011). Crosling Webb, ( 2002) characterize contextual investigations as depictions of â€Å"real-life† encounters that show significant ideas and issues in a field of study . At the end of the day, a contextual investigation is an inside and out assessment of an individual or circumstance A contextual analysis presents a remarkable technique for consolidating hypothesis and practice in a critical thinking structure. Contextual investigations contrast from spoken or composed explanations, in that they ordinarily don't contain results or ends, yet leave the peruser to ponder the most fitting strategy (Crosling Webb, 2002).Traditionally, contextual analyses have been related with business, medication, and law. As of late, be that as it may, contextual analyses progressively have been utilized in instruction to support instructors and educator up-and-comers create basic issue a cknowledgment and goals aptitudes (Clandinin Connelly, 2000; Elliott, Woloshyn, DiPetta, Bennett, 2000). Instructive Psychologists utilize psychometric testing during the evaluation for dyslexia. Lyon, Shaywitz and Shaywitz (2003) characterize dyslexia as a particular learning trouble that is surprising corresponding to a people psychological capacities. Psychometric testing strategies, for example, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (Wechsler 1949), which is an independently controlled insight test intended for kids between the ages of six and sixteen (Cohen, 2011) and contains fifteen subtests that give an exhaustive evaluation of scholarly capacity which are separated into ten center subtests and five supplemental subtests (Grizzle, 2011). The Wechsler Individual Achievement Tests (WIAT) (Wechsler, 1992) is likewise utilized, and is an extensive test that surveys scholarly accomplishment by testing the capacity to apply intellectual aptitudes and information to evaluated desires It alsoincludes nine subtests intended to evaluate explicit regions inside the regions of perusing, arithmetic, composed language, and oral language (Johnson, 2011) Another psychometric test utilized in the appraisal of dyslexia is the Kaufman evaluation battery for kids (KABC)( Kaufman, 1983), which is a predictable and substantial proportion of subjective capacities for youngsters matured three to eighteen (Hall Noggle, 2011). Psychometric tests are characterized by Coolican (2009) as instruments that measure mental estimation and incorporate character scales and furthermore incorporate proportions of mental capacity, for example, insight, phonetic capacity, imaginative reasoning and so forth. Psychometric tests are fundamentally utilized in instructive settings to help distinguish understudies who may require extra learning help (Stapleton, 2001). Vernon and Parry (1949) contend that the factors that psychometric tests, for example, the WISC and KABC scales, use, are consistently the best measures, and for instructive purposes a large portion of the significant factors are estimated by all around acknowledged tests. They additionally propose this is one of the fundamental argumen

Branding in Hospitality and Tourism

Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Role of Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Home›Marketing Posts›Role of Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing PostsA brand is an identity to a certain product, service or business offered by a certain company or organization. A brand can take any symbol to put across its information. It can take colour combination, name, sign or slogan. In the hospitality and tourism industry, branding has become a major drift to both the industry and consumers.The tourism consumer is the decisive judge of triumphant marketing and public association’s activities. There has been a change from transactional to affiliation management over the last fifty five years (Simon, 2004). This has been due to the rising competition in the marketing environment. A shift from the traditional marketing to ways more aggressive and varied has been emphasized to marketing and communication.In the twenty first century where the clients dictate on the brand on its coherent to the recognition by the compan y is a basic requirement (Metin, 2006). The power of the brand and its image is a pillar to contextualise the activity of marketing. Most of the brands today are built in reference to PR campaigns and then they are maintained through unifying of selling and PR tactics (Raza Ivo, 2005).The tourism industry through branding of its services the customers are able to identify them quickly enough. The branding of the services and other products results to the recognition without suspicion of making a wrong identity. Branding done on services generates more revenue compared to other products that lack trademark mystique. Branding done right delivers a healthy return to the organizations` investment (Davidson, 2006).The brand is a communication element to the customers. The branded products form the basis of identification for the consumer. The consumer can easily differentiate the products he wants from the company that are similar to other products. In recent years the tourism industry has drastically declined due to decrease in tourism awareness. The carefully considered way in which locals deal with tourism is perceived as a whole to its benefits and drawbacks. This has to be corrected through branding (Beech Chadwick, 2006).Branding brings about the effectiveness in running the hospitality and tourism industry. By the industry identifying its brand it can make progress knowing that consumers are readily available. The industry works hard to defend its brand and to keep high quality standards of the services they offer. When the industry offers a low quality of services it readily meets the consumers for critique (Cooper, 2006).Through branding in the tourism industry, it creates and develops loyalty to the customer. The consumers are able to trust the industry since they are aware of the services that it lenders. These become an advantage to the tourism industry as it is assured of a ready market for its services (Aaker David, 1991). It is important to note t hat for the tourism industry to prosper, it requires relevant marketing strategies. By coming up with a brand for the industry is one of those ways in which the industry can be guided through and grow larger (Page, 2009).Through the introduction of a brand the industry gains loyalty from even other industries since it is able to stand independently. The industry is at the same time able to enjoy a strong brand royalty. This would reduce marketing expenses because the customers have been attracted and retained and will even go ahead to tell their friends on the services (Bowen Clarke, 2009).There is reduced pressure in the form of competition from other industries. This is because the industry experiences ready market. Consumers are aware about the services the services the industry offers and so gives it the first priority. Trademarks and ironclad distribution channel can all protect and preserve brand and build it.

Methodology Research Data - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2823 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction According to Walliman (2001), a methodology explains the theory behind the research methods or approaches. This chapter highlights the theories behind the methodology employed and examines the research methods that are most appropriate for this research which help to better understand the topic under investigation. This research undertakes an analytical review of customer retention techniques of Indian banks, using Citibank as a case study. This chapter outlines how this analysis is undertaken and describes the rationale behind the choice of research design and the construction of the method. Research Method Construction Much of the research undertaken in social sciences is primary. This is based on the collection of primary data, that is, data originated by the researcher for the purpose of the investigation at hand (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Primary analysis is the original analysis of data in a research study. It is what one typically imagines as the application of statistical methods. However, not every study or research undertaking must begin with the collection of primary data. In some cases, the information required is already available from published sources. This is called secondary research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the summation, collation, and/or synthesis of existing research. Secondary information consists of sources of information collected by others and archived in some form. These sources include reports, industry studies, as well as books and journals. The collection, generation, and dissemination of information is growing. This means that there exists a tremendous amount of secondary data that is relevant to todays decision-making problems. Knowledge accumulation increasingly relies on the integration of previous studies and findings. Glass (1976) argues that when the literature on a topic grows and knowledge lies untapped in completed research studies, this endeavour (of research synthesis) deserves higher priority than adding a new experiment or survey to the pile (Glass, 1976, p. 4). One of the main reasons to value secondary data comes from the ease of collection for research use (Houston, 2004). This information can be of considerable importance for two reasons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methodology Research Data" essay for you Create order Time savings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically, the time involved in searching secondary sources is much less than that needed to complete primary data collection. Cost effectiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" similarly, secondary data collection in general is less costly than primary data collection. For the same level of research budget a thorough examination of secondary sources can yield a great deal more information than can be had through a primary data collection exercise. Another, and perhaps more important, benefit to researchers from employing secondary data is that alternative types of data can provide multi-method triangulation to other research findings (Houston, 2004). This is because the knowledge bases regarding many constructs, such as retention and loyalty, have been built heavily through survey research approaches. All things being equal, secondary data should be used if it helps researchers to solve the research problem (Saunders et al., 2006). If there exists data that solves or lends insight into the research problem, then little primary research has to be conducted. Because resource constraints are always a problem for the researcher, it makes good sense to exhaust secondary data sources before proceeding to the active collection of primary data. In addition, secondary data may be available which is entirely appropriate and wholly adequate to draw conclusions and answer the question or solve the problem. This secondary ana lysis may involve the combination of one data set with another, address new questions or use new analytical methods for evaluation. Secondary analysis is the re-analysis of data for the purpose of answering the original research question with different statistical techniques, or answering new questions with old data. Secondary analysis is an important feature of the research and evaluation landscape. Generally, secondary research is used in problem recognition and problem clarification. However, in addition to being helpful in the definition and development of a problem, secondary data is often insufficient in generating a problem solution (Davis, 2000). Whilst the benefits of secondary sources are considerable, their shortcomings have to be acknowledged. There is a need to evaluate the quality of both the source of the data and the data itself. The first problem relates to definitions. The researcher has to be careful, when making use of secondary data, of the definitions used by those responsible for its preparation. Another relates to source bias. Researchers have to be aware of vested interests when they consult secondary sources. Those responsible for their compilation may have reasons for wishing to present a more optimistic or pessimistic set of results for their organisation. Also, secondary data can be general and vague and therefore may not help with decision-making. In addition, data may be incomplete. Finally, the time period during which secondary data was first compiled may have a substantial effect upon the nature of the data. Considering these shortcomings, primary data collection strategy was also adopted after analysis and collection of secondary data. This was purposely done by the author as the author wanted to analyze the previous similar researches before drafting a primary data collection questionnaire. In constructing the primary data collection method, data needs were first specified. Primary data was collected in t he form of interviews with Citibank operational and branch managers, focus groups were also conducted with a sample of Citibank customers. These methods were considered to be the most appropriate in terms of achieving the objectives of the study and worked out best within the time and cost constraints. Semi-structured probing interview with Citibank management staff revealed in depth information and insights on customer retention and relationship banking. Focus groups conducted with Citibank customers was the best way to get information out of them as ideas from person sparked off ideas from another and the group gelled together very well. Also, facial expressions and bodily movements indicated quite a lot in a focus group. It wasnt feasible to conduct telephonic interview or video-conferencing due to the costs involved. Though, initially some thoughts were given to conducting telephonic interviews with Citibank employees, but later on the idea was shelved because of tim e and cost constraints. Secondary data for this research concentrated on collecting data from books, journals, online publications, white papers, previous researches, newspapers (Economic Times) taped interviews, websites, research databases etc. Secondary data was collected and partially analyzed before embarking onto primary data collection methods so that the designing of focus group and interview questions can be framed properly. Although, most of the secondary data was collected by the time primary data collection methods were embarked upon, but secondary data collection didnt stop altogether. In a way, the data collected from the secondary data and the data gathered from field research helped in triangulation. The field research also helped in testing the hypothesis that was developed after studying the concepts and theories (deductive approach). Also, after gaining sufficient insight on the topic, it made it easier for the author to frame the questionnaire, becau se first the questions to test the hypothesis were framed and then specific questions were framed which would have helped in forming a hypothesis (inductive approach). Primary research tried to delve as deep as possible into areas which could not have been covered by secondary research and where first-hand information was absolutely necessary to come to a definitive conclusion. Research Approach Qualitative method is a kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. It is based on a meaning expressed through words (Saunders, 2006). Qualitative research method often provides rich descriptive and exploratory data and is exploratory in nature. Quantitative methods on the other hand, uses numbers and statistical method, it tends to be based on meanings derived from numbers. The research approach used for this research is primarily qualitative. Both the primary data collection methods concentrate on qualitative data collection. But, quantitative data is also collated in the form of company reports. Company reports were reviewed to analyse the effect of retention measures on management accounts. So, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection technique is applied, although the major part of the research relies upon qualitative data and its analysis. Qualitative secondary in formation from a variety of sources are gathered like Citibank Case Studies, Web page , Reference books , Journals , Online journals, Newspaper and Magazine Articles , Taped interviews , Business news channel views , Research Agency) databases . Quantitative data from Citibank Company Reports and other supermarkets are collected and analyzed to compare and contrast the effect of various retention initiatives. The Research Design A research design is the framework or a plan for a study used as a guide to collect and analyse data, it is the blueprint that is followed (Churchill and Iacobucci 2005; pg 73). Kerlinger (1996; pg 102) defines a plan and structure of investigation to obtain answers to research questions. The plan here means the overall scheme or program of the research and includes an outline of what the researcher seeks to do from hypotheses testing to the final analysis of the data. A structure is framework organization or configuration of the relations among variables of a study (Robson, 2002; pg 73). The research design expresses both the structure of the research and the plan of investigation used to obtain empirical evidence on the relations of the problem. Some of the common approaches to research design include exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research. For the purpose of this research, an exploratory research is conducted as little previous researches are a vailable on customer retention in Indian banks. Hence little information is available on how to solve the research since there is little past references. The focus of this study is on gaining insights and familiarity with the subject area of customer retention for more rigorous investigation at a later stage. The approach is very open and a wide range of data and information can be gathered and it will provide the conclusive answer to the problem defined. This research will study which existing theories or concepts with regards to customer retention can be applied to the problem defined. It will rely on extensive face to face interviews conducted with Bank Managers of Citibank to understand the concept of customer retention and how it is implemented. One of the reasons for carrying out an exploratory study for the purpose of this study is, because some facts about customer retention are known by the author but more information is required to build a theoretical framework. Sample Sample selection in this study, was driven by the need to allow maximum variation in conceptions. Individual managers were interviewed according to their expected level of insight regarding customer retention. In total, five interviews were conducted, all participants were employed by Citibank in India. In addition, two interviewees had been directly involved in developing the retention strategy while the other three had gained experience in implementing retention strategies. Thus, the likelihood of uncovering a range of variations between conceptions of retention was increased. Focus group participants banked with Citigroup in some form or the other (current accounts, credit cards, loans etc). These participants represented a mix of genders, age, banking experience, discipline and experience of banking with different banks. Method of Data Collection Data was collected using a semi-structured interview technique, which is characterized by (Booth, 1997 as being both open and deep.Open refers to the fact that the researcher is open to be guided by the responses made by the interviewee (Marton, 1994; Booth, 1997). Deep describes how, during the interview, individual interviewees are encouraged to discuss their conceptions in depth until both the researcher and the interviewee reach a mutual understanding about the phenomenon in question (Booth, 1997; Svensson, 1997). In this study, this facilitated the prompting of interviewees to move beyond the concept of retention and into relationship building and loyalty. All face-to-face interviews were conducted with a single member separately in the participants office, with the interviews lasting between 30 and 40 minutes. Initially a community of interpretation (Apel, 1972) between the researcher and participant was established, with the researcher explaining that the objective of the research was to understand what constitutes effective retention strategy and the importance of retention within the banking community. The question encouraged the participants to reflect upon and articulate their own lived experience of retention. They also focused on the structural-how aspects of customer retention. In asking about the roles and activities related to retention, it tried to figure out the how component of retention. The interviews progressed around these topics, with participants guiding the agenda based on the extent of their interest in the topic. For example, the majority of interviewees drew upon comparisons between the American banking systems when expressing their views on the retention process. In addition to the primary questions, follow-up questions were asked as appropriate. Examples included What do you mean by that?, What happens?, and Is that how you see your role? These questions encouraged individual participants to elaborate the meanin g of customer retention. Data Analysis All five interviews and focus group sessions were taped and then transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then analysed by the research team using investigator triangulation (Janesick, 1994). In line with the suggestions of Francis (1996), a structural framework for organizing the transcripts was first developed. This prevented the research team getting lost in the enormous amount of text contained in each transcript and ensured we focused on the underlying meaning of the statements in the text, rather than on the specific content of particular statements. The components of the framework were dimensions of supervisors conceptions, which were not predetermined by the researchers but were revealed in the texts. The phenomenographic approach seeks to identify and describe the qualitatively different ways of experiencing a specific aspect of reality (Marton, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1994, 1995; Van Rossum Schenk, 1984; Johansson, Marton, et al., 1985; Sa ¨ ljo ¨ , 1988; Sandberg 1994, 1997, 2000, 2001; Svensson 1997). These experiences and understandings, or ways of making sense of the world, are labelled as conceptions or understandings. The emphasis in phenomenography is on how things appear to people in their world and the way in which people explain to themselves and to others what goes on around them, including how these explanations change (Sandberg, 1994). The framework we used to organize the data in each transcript comprised four dimensions of the explanations that supervisors used to make sense of their world, as expressed by them in the interview: (a) What the interviewees conception of supervision meant to the interviewee in terms of the goal of supervision (referential-what); (b) How the conception was translated by the interviewee into roles and activities (structural-how); (c) What the conception meant to the interviewee in terms of the desired outcomes of the PhD supervision (referential-what); and (d) What factors influenced the interviewees conception (external influences). The organizing framework was then used to reduce the text in each interview transcript to its essential meaning. Each researcher reread the first interview transcript. Discussion, debate, and negotiation then followed as we applied the components of our organizing framework to the first interviewee. Where differences of opinion occurred, a researcher attempted to convince the others of the veracity of their claims. As a result of this ongoing and open exchange, we reached agreement about the components of the first interviewees conceptions that we believed were most faithful to the interviewees understanding of their lived experience of PhD supervision, as represented by their interview transcript. We then repeated this process for the next interviewee until all of the transcripts had been reduced into the organizing framework. Conceptions began to emerge from our organizing framework as we alterna ted between what the interviewees considered PhD supervision to be, how they enacted supervision in their roles and activities, and why they had come to this understanding of supervision. Once these conceptions emerged, we tentatively grouped together interviewees who shared conceptions of supervision that were similar to each other and were different from those conceptions expressed by other super-visors. We then cross-examined our interpretations of each interviewees understanding of supervision by proposing and debating alternative interpretations. This cross-examination continued until we, as a group, reached agreement on two issues: First, we believed we had established the most authentic interpretation of each interviewees understanding. Second, we believed we had grouped interviewees expressing qualitatively similar understandings into the same category of description and had grouped interviewees expressing qualitatively different conceptions into different categor ies of description. Five categories of description, which we labelled as Conceptions 1 through to 5, emerged from this process. Through the same iterative process, and through open dialogue and debate between the members of the research team, we were then able to map the five conceptions into an outcome space. The outcome space illustrates the relationships between the differing conceptions in two ways: First, the outcome space illustrates the outcome of higher priority sought by the supervisor (completion of the PhD or new insight). Second, it distinguishes the fundamental approach to supervision as either pushing (the student is a self-directed learner) or pulling (the student is a managed learner) the student through the process. Table 2 summarizes the techniques we applied, as derived from the literature, to improve the validity and reliability of our interpretations of the interviewees experiences as expressed in the transcripts.

Marketing Strategy Of A Competitive Market Environment...

In a competitive market environment strategies adopted by marketers to advertise products and services are crucial. This is because the choice of a marketing strategy may determine whether business organizations achieve their targeted sales or not. Ideally, the appropriate marketing strategies to use should be determined by the consumer purchasing behavior in respective markets. Therefore, for youth oriented consumer economies, marketers should adopt marketing strategies that target the youth population to effectively market their goods and services. Over the last few decades consumption in China and India has increasingly become more similar to the western style consumption. These economies have shown trends towards youth oriented consumption, where majority of consumers of goods and services with growing sales are predominately youth. Notably, in the two countries youths are increasingly purchasing products that give them a sense of individual identity. Typically, the culture in th ese countries has significantly dictated the demand for goods and services. Therefore, marketers for certain products have had a difficult time promoting their products and services perceived not to be contrary to the culture. Conversely, the demand for some goods and services has ideally been guaranteed due to cultural practices. However, in the contemporary China and India, youths demand for goods and services to express their individuality and not necessary to conform to expectation dictatedShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Customer Loyalty And Marketing Strategy1662 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Mix The relationship between Customer Loyalty and Marketing Strategy? Introduction In today’s business environment, the concept of customer loyalty is becoming a growing interest in the area of relationship marketing. Many marketers and researchers persist with loyalty strategies as they thought loyal customers create profitable rewards. However, a recent work done by Heiner Evanschitsky states the other side that this may not always be the case. The following assignment is investigatingRead MoreDeveloping The Right Marketing Strategy1313 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping the right marketing strategy is critical to ensuring an organization’s brand, image, and profitability are maximized in an international marketplace. There are various forms of markets, a global market and a regional market. This document will compare and contrast globalization and regionalization. It will highlight if these two markets are the same or different. In addition, the role of an international marketer to develop marketing strategies in a regional or global market will be discussedRead MoreThe Relationship Between Brands And Consumers On Consumer Behavior1705 Words   |  7 Pagesboth the brands and the consumers must be recognized. 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The four steps that will be theRead MoreMarketing Design And Innovation : Ipod Marketing Strategy1167 Words   |  5 Pages 2 Reflective Essay: Learning and assessment of the module 2 References 5 Title: Marketing Design and Innovation: iPod Marketing Strategy TASK 02 (Re-sit Submission for Partial Fulfillment) Reflective Essay: Learning and assessment of the module An organizations general design and it power of innovation determines the competitive advantage in the local as well as international level (Johansson and Holm, 2006). If a firm can respond immediately to theRead MorePositioning the Nissan Leaf1241 Words   |  5 Pages2. Discuss the way the Nissan Leaf is being positioned in the market communications activity of Nissan? Illustrate your answers by considering a range of promotional mix variables. 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Expounding Upon Risk Factors Free Essays

Given the repercussions of developing osteoarthritis and taking into consideration the considerable number of individuals with such a condition, it is without doubt essential to gain further insights regarding the risk factors for such a manifestation of arthritis; currently, a number of risk factors have been identified, with the following being among the most commonly noted variants: obesity, genetics, bone density, and injury (Felson, 2000). Beginning with obesity, one may logically assume that the additional weight of an individual would affect or possibly worsen such an inflammatory disease. Past studies have indeed proven that contrary to previous notions, obesity results to greater risks of developing osteoarthritis instead of the aforesaid inflammatory disease being a causative agent for obesity (Felson, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Expounding Upon Risk Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Possible explanations for such have also been uncovered from past scientific endeavors. Aside from the deteriorative effects of excessive weight to bone structure in hip and knee areas, the existence of biochemical alterations arising from obesity which further increase one’s risk has also been speculated (Felson, 2000). As noted beforehand, genetic factors may also heighten the risk for the manifestation of osteoarthritis. In particular, studies have shown that the aforesaid disease may actually be regarded as quite heritable; furthermore, it has been determined that the likelihood of acquiring hip and spine related osteoarthritis may often be traced and estimated from genetic roots (Spector MacGregor, 2004). Even though it is understandable to inappropriately assume that inflammatory diseases are mainly related to physical or phenotypic aspects of the human body, it is also true that most scientific findings as of late highlight the encompassing effects of genetic factors in the disease development. In fact, a myriad of chromosomes, such as 9q and 11p, have already been linked with osteoarthritis susceptibility; also, several genes have been hypothesized to serve as potential triggers for the abovementioned disease (Spector MacGregor, 2004). Hence, in attempting to evaluate one’s chance of developing osteoarthritis, genetic considerations should undeniably be taken into consideration. Bone density is another risk factor for osteoarthritis. To further expound, studies have established that an increased amount of bone in a given area, especially in those which often provide support for weight, may also heighten one’s susceptibility to osteoarthritis (Dequeker, Mokassa, Aerssens, 1995). The explanation to such emphasizes the connection between the functions of bones and cartilages especially in terms of absorbing or transmitting shock from movement. As bone density increases, there is a tendency for such to become excessively rigid, which would allow for a greater efficiency in allowing impact to be passed on from bones to cartilages; eventually, the cartilage are deteriorated due to such a process (Dequeker, Mokassa, Aerssens, 1995). Indeed, impact is an important consideration, in understanding the relation between the basic functions of the skeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis; not only does the aforesaid system provide protection but it should not be overlooked that bones and cartilages serve as the main means of structural support for the most basic actions, highlighting the frequency in which such are utilized. Evidently, injuries are also regarded as risk factors for osteoarthritis. As established from past scientific pursuits, the degree of risk of acquiring such an inflammatory disease due to injuries differ based on severity; however, regardless of the severity, it has been noted that men nonetheless had a higher tendency of developing osteoarthritis from such (Cooper et al. , 1998). In relation to this, there have also been previous debates as to whether injuries are precursors to osteoarthritis instead of being mainly the result of the inflammatory disease. Significant evidence highlighting the causative nature of injuries includes the finding that patients suffering from osteoarthritis, who also suffered from hip injuries, often only experienced occasional aching and soreness characteristic of the abovementioned illness years after being injured (Cooper et al. , 1998). Hence, from the points discussed above, it becomes evident that osteoarthritis is indeed an inflammatory disease of complicated nature. References Cooper, C., Inskip, H., Croft, P., Campbell, L., Smith, G., McLaren, M., Coggon, D. (1998). Individual Risk Factors for Hip Osteoarthritis: Obesity, Hip Injury, and Physical Activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147(6), 516 – 522. Dequeker, J., Mokassa, L., Aerssens, J. (1995). Bone Density and Osteoarthritis. J. Rheumatol. Suppl, 43, 98 – 100. Felson, D.T. (2000). Osteoarthritis: New Insights. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(8), 635 –Â  646. Spector, T.D. MacGregor, A.J. (2004). Risk Factors of Osteoarthritis: Genetics. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 12(1), 39 – 44. How to cite Expounding Upon Risk Factors, Papers

Online Personalities You Have to Accommodate in Web Writing - The Writers For Hire

HOW TO WRITE WEB COPY THAT SELLS STUFF AND ENGAGES PEOPLE #2: 5 ONLINE PERSONALITIES YOU HAVE TO ACCOMMODATE IN WEB WRITING Good copywriters know that there are lots of different online visitors, each with unique reading and learning styles. In order to connect with the greatest number of visitors, your website should give your readers the information they need in the way they want it. Below is a brief profile of the 5 online personalities, with best practice Web writing suggestions to get them hooked, make a sale, and convert them through your online copy. 1. The Information Gatherers: Information gatherers are researchers: they want to know as much information as they can before they make a call or place an order. They want to know your pricing, you guarantees or warranties, how your product or service works, your credentials – anything they can get their hands on, really. Consider them the well-informed consumers. Information gatherers will probably spend a lot of time on your website, clicking through different pages as they slowly amass knowledge. These types will be reading your copy attentively, so all of the standard copywriting rules apply to these folks: Be clear. Be concise. Be specific. Be benefit-oriented. The golden rule of attracting information gatherers is to never make them guess – use your website as a tool to explain your product or service in order to make the sale. Reach out to information gatherers by including: Charts comparing your product/service to your competitors Certifications and testimonials Detailed information: pricing, specs, processes, etc. Case studies 2. The Visual Learners Visual learners hate to read, but they love pictures and charts. These types look for visual representations that help them grab information quickly. Accommodate visual learners by adding graphics to your website – like a flow chart about how your business or service works, or a table comparing your prices to your competitor’s prices. Give them stuff to look at like: Comparison tables (your service or product vs. your competitors) Test results Process charts on how your service works Labeled diagrams Web tools Side note: There are lots of different types of web tools that can add an interactive element to your website. For instance, an energy auditing company might have an interactive calculator showing potential customers how much money they could save in a year, 3 years, and 5 years if they switch to fluorescent light bulbs. Make sure your copy is supported by design, and give the visual learners lots of eye candy like charts, graphics, and tools that grab attention. 3. The Doers You’ve probably known a doer or two in your life: Doers will come to your website. They might read a headline or two – maybe. Then they skip over all the rest of your well-crafted copy and scroll to the bottom of the page to call you, buy your product, or fill out your form. -->It’s hard for copywriter to believe that these people exist, but they do. Doers are hasty people. They’re the antithesis of information gatherers: They don’t want to research your website. Period. Doers want to find your action statement – and they want to find it fast. Side note: You know you have a doer on your hands when †¦ they don’t know anything about your company or product. We get calls all the time at TWFH for copyrighting – yes, COPYRIGHTING – though we are not, in fact, lawyers of any type. These callers obviously misspelled copywriting, and then just went straight to our phone number. There’s absolutely nothing on our website that would lead anyone to believe that we provide legal services. Thats what you get when you combine a doer with a simple spelling error. To make sure you make the doers happy, you just have to make contacting you easy: Highlight your call to action. Whether your call to action is â€Å"Print This Coupon† or â€Å"Sign Up for Our Newsletter† or â€Å"Buy Now,† make sure its highlighted, bold, and in a prominent position on your website. Put contact information on all of your Web pages Be sure to allow for multiple methods of contact: phone, email, forms, chat boxes. Consider putting forms on every page. Then, breathe easy as the doers come knocking at your door. 4. The Speed Readers Speed readers or at least they think they’re speed readers – are skimmers. Theyneedtogetasmuchinformationastheycaninaverysmallamountoftime. These are the people that bite down hard on your website, chew you up and spit you out. Speed readers figure they can get everything they need to know by reading the headlines and a few bolded points on your homepage. They’re not going to sit down and read every single word on your website (again, another antithesis to information gatherers). So to make speed readers happy, your copy needs to be broken up: Bullet points break up copy and highlight important information in a succinct manner. Headlines need to be big, bold, and targeted toward your reader. Use bold inside the body of your copy Only bold key statements so that they jump off of the page from the rest of your copy. Use bolding sparingly, and choose the information you want to bold carefully. One two-to-three word bold phrase per paragraph is usually plenty. Especially if your web copy is long (like this blog post), most ALL types of visitors will appreciate well-placed headlines, bullets, and bolding. Don’t let the eyes get overwhelmed by endless amounts of black and white text. 5. The Listeners Listeners would rather see it and hear it than read anything (have you noticed, by the way, how many types of people don’t like to read? That’s exactly why you need a clever copywriter that can sell to EVERYONE). Listeners can be kind of geeky. They’re often technophiles – they’re the kinds of people with multiple iPods in different colors. Or they might just be TV junkies rather than book worms. In order to reach out to listeners, you need some interactive, auditory stuff on your website. Things like: Instructional or marketing videos Interactive flash Talking heads and avatars Music Movement and sound keep their attention (even though we know those talking heads can be sort of creepy), so you need to distract them and sell to them at the same time. One Last Word to the Wise: Don’t forget that there are endless combinations of all five personality types. One of the most common combos are speed reader/gatherers. They read fast first, but the scan in depth later. Or you’ve got the ones that â€Å"do† when they are in a hurry, but will read more in depth if they’re putzing around at home. Most people don’t always follow one type all the time (no, not even us writers), but it’s important to be egalitarian and forward thinking: accommodate all personalities – regardless of positive attributes and annoying aspects so that people can interact with your content in whatever mode they’re in. This means that redundancy is ok in web writing – and good websites have a combination of elements that we’ve talked about. Bolded words and bullet points. Complete, clear, and concise information. Charts, graphics, or pictures that support your copy. Videos, flash, and voice recordings for the listeners. And a clear, highly visible call to action.